Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 1

I picked out a heartbeat, a single life, in the near distance. The other noises of the city faded into the background as this one called to me. She had wandered away from her friends and left the well-worn paths. The sun had just set over Central Park, where I'd exiled myself since arriving in New York City fourteen long days ago. The colors in this expanse of wilderness were softening, sliding toward one another, shadows blurring with the things that made them. The oranges and deep blues of the sky morphed into an inky black, while the muddy ground dimmed to a velvety sienna. Around me, most of the world was still, paused in the breath that comes at the end of day when the guards change: Humans and their daylight companions lock their doors and creatures of the night like myself come out to hunt. With the ring Katherine gave me I can walk in the daylight like any normal, living human. But as it's been since the beginning of time, it's easier for vampires to hunt during the uncertain hours when day slowly becomes night. Dusk confuses those who aren't equipped with the eyes and ears of a nocturnal predator. The heartbeat I now pursued began to sound quieter . . . its owner was getting away. Desperate, I took off, forcing my body to move quickly, my feet to push off from the ground. I was weak from lack of feeding, and it was affecting my ability to hunt. Added to that, these woods weren't familiar to me. The plants and vines were as alien as the people on the cobbled streets a quarter mile away. But a hunter transplanted is still a hunter. I leaped over a twiggy, stunted bush and avoided an icy stream, devoid of the lazy catfish I used to watch as a child, until my foot slipped on mossy stone and I crashed through the underbrush, my chase growing far louder than I intended. The bearer of the heart I followed heard and knew her death was close. Now that she was alone and aware of her plight, she began to run in earnest. What a spectacle I must have made: dark hair askew, skin as pale as a corpse, eyes starting to redden as the vampire in me came out. Running and leaping through the woods like a wild man, dressed in the finery Lexi, my friend in New Orleans, had given me, the white silk shirt now torn at the sleeves. She picked up speed. But I wasn't going to lose her. My need for blood became an ache so strong that I couldn't contain myself any longer. A sweet pain bloomed along my jaw and my fangs came out. The blood in my face grew hot as I underwent the change. My senses expanded as my Power took over, sapping my last bit of vampiric strength. I leaped, moving at a speed beyond human and animal. With that instinct all living creatures have, the poor thing felt death closing in and began to panic, scrambling for safety under the trees. Her heart pounded out of control: thump thump thump thump thump thump. The tiny human part of me might have regretted what I was about to do, but the vampire in me needed the blood. With a final jump, I caught my prey – a large, greedy squirrel who'd left her pack to scavenge for extra food. Time slowed as I descended, ripped her neck aside, and sank my teeth into her flesh, draining her life into me one drop at a time. I'd eaten squirrels as a human, which lessened my guilt marginally. Back home in Mystic Falls, my brother and I would hunt in the tangled woods that surrounded our estate. Though squirrels were poor eating for most of the year, they were fat and tasted like nuts in the fall. Squirrel blood, however, was no such feast; it was rank and unpleasant. It was nourishment, nothing more – and barely that. I forced myself to keep drinking. It was a tease, a reminder of the intoxicating liquid that runs in a human's veins. But from the moment Damon ended Callie's life, I had sworn off humans forever. I would never kill, never feed from, and never love another human. I could only bring them pain and death, even if I didn't mean to. That's what life as a vampire meant. That's what life with this new, vengeful Damon as my brother meant. An owl hooted in the elm that towered over my head. A chipmunk skittered past my feet. My shoulders slumped as I laid the poor squirrel down on the ground. So little blood remained in its body that the wound didn't leak, the animal's legs already growing stiff with rigor mortis. I wiped the traces of blood and fur from my face and headed deeper into the park, alone with my thoughts while a city of nearly a million people buzzed around me. Since I'd sneaked off the train two weeks earlier, I'd been sleeping in the middle of the park in what was essentially a cave. I'd taken to marking a concrete slab with the passing of each day. Otherwise moments blended together, meaningless, and empty. Next to the cave was a fenced-in area where construction men had gathered the â€Å"useful† remains of a village they had razed to make Central Park, as well as the architectural bric-a-brac they intended to install – carved fountains, baseless statues, lintels, thresholds, and even gravestones. I pushed past a barren branch – November's chill had robbed nearly every tree of its leaves – and sniffed the air. It would rain soon. I knew that both from living in plantation country and from the monster senses that constantly gave me a thousand different pieces of information about the world around me. And then the breeze changed direction, and brought with it the teasing, cloying scent of rust. There it was again. A painful, metallic tang. The smell of blood. Human blood. I stepped into the clearing, my breath coming rapidly. The thick stench of iron was everywhere, filling the hollow with an almost palpable fog. I scanned the area. There was the cave where I spent my tortured nights, tossing and turning and waiting for dawn. Just outside it was a jumble of beams and doors stolen from knocked-down houses and desecrated graves. Farther in the distance there were the glowing white statues and fountains installed around the park. And then I saw it. At the base of a statue of a regal prince was the body of a young woman, her white ball gown slowly turning a bloody red.

Wisdom of Whores

She then goes on to say hat â€Å"religious dogma crushes our efforts to translate good data into good HIVE prevention. † (Pl 88, Plans) In the book It goes on to say that power follows religion, and then money follows power and everyone follows money. To me I feel as If religion would be a good way to slow down the HIVE epidemic because, at a younger age if you're told about how sex and how it can cause HIVE which can cause death it would scare a lot of kids. If kids are learning about sex in a religious manner I feel as if adolescents would follow it more. If I was growing up with this I would be abstinent till marriage.George W. Bush thought the same way that the only way to avoid HIVE Is to teach our children to be abstinent. Yes Plans brings In the argument of sperm between women and men and how they need sex, but there's always ways around that like religion, and being taught to control that urge. She then goes on to say the increase of premarital sex and the decrease of prostitution would ultimately cut the risk of HIVE. She goes on to bring out an example of Thailand saying that they have taught us that with fewer men paying for sex from prostitutes lowers the risk for HIVE Infection. Also with that, there would be a larger condom use.I would have to disagree with this because if there was an Increase of premarital sex, it would just be a whole bunch of uneducated teenagers just going around having sex all the time. The only difference would be is that the men wouldn't have to be paying for this. She claims that condom use would be a lot higher, but if your increasing premarital sex, condoms defiantly would not be used and the HIVE epidemic would be still be around. Yes I agree that the numbers would go down, but I feel It wouldn't go down that much to make this a great development. The teenagers would have to be educated about HIVE and educated about safe sex.One of Aphasia's quotes had been â€Å"there's enough HIVE for everyone†, but in this little island of East Timer, there's actually wasn't enough HIVE for everyone. On this island there were many different HIVE organizations working on this island with not that many documented infected people. On this island there were only about seven people with HIVE. From Plane's conclusion she thought poverty, street children and joblessness does not make an HIVE epidemic In this society. Just because there wasn't enough prostitution or drug injection HIVE couldn't be high and all this money going onto this country about HIVE prevention wouldn't matter.In a society, I feel like poverty could cause HIVE because sooner or later people in the society will be selling there bodies for money. From what I understand, is that not everyone on this island is educated enough to get an HIVE test, because they are not educated about what HIVE Is. There should be different programs In this country to educate the people of east Limbo sot at n HIVE does not spread around Ana It stays ten s ame . Inure snout programs on safe sex using condoms, programs on not doing drugs and even prostitution.From reading this novel, the most interesting of points that caught my eye is the battle between how AIDS and HIVE is spread throughout the world. Is it spread through sex and drugs? Or is it spread over poverty and gender inequality? Pisa believes that sex and drugs is the main dilemma when it comes to the HIVE epidemic. Pisa brings up the point with Africa because 2/3 of the people infected in the world live in the countries around Africa. She brings out a good quote that caught my eye, â€Å"A schoolgirl in South Africa is thirteen times more likely to be infected with HIVE than a woman who sells sex for a living in China. Pl 24-125, Pisa) Ultimately, I would have to agree with Meads that poverty and gender inequality causes HIVE in poorer countries. In Africa, there is a humongous gap between the rich minority and the poor minority. With gender inequality, if men in a specifi c region are more literate then women HIVE will spread or of the population of a city is more males than women then HIVE will spread. Education is the biggest for me, where there is poverty, there are more uneducated people, and if those people don't know about safe sex, and diseases, then people will be infected.Where there is a society of poverty and uneducated people, both women and males will sell there bodies to make money and HIVE will be spread because unprotected sex would be taking place. On the other hand I do agree with Pisa but in another circumstance. I believe sex and drugs does cause HIVE and AIDS but only in high industrial countries like the United States or France. When the HIVE epidemic came into place in the United States, it was said that it was spread through party drugs and also sex with gay men. In a poorer country, like Africa poverty and gender inequality spreads aids because of the structural violence.

Buying Electric Vehicles in Australia

According to Tucker (2016), the majority of electric cars sold in Australia are purchased by commercial buyers. In 2015, only 2000 EVs were sold, compared to the 1.1 million new petrol and diesel powered cars sold during the same period (Tucker, 2016). This occurrence can be best explained by the concept of price elasticity of demand. The demand for electric cars follows the law of demand which stipulates that the higher the price of the product the fewer consumers are willing to purchase the product. Thus, given that the prices for EVs are much higher than the prices of traditional motor vehicles, consumers are more reluctant to shift to the new product. Typically, the price elasticity of demand is affected by the existence of substitutes and the proportion of consumer’s income that is spent on the product. Characteristically, EVs have a high elasticity of demand (Fan &Hyndman, 2010). Mainly, this is because the commodity is considered as a luxury good whose purchase can be postponed to a later date. Besides, there are various alternative and cheaper substitutes that the consumer can buy instead of the highly priced EVs. The high demand elasticity for the EVs has resulted in minimal sales to individual customers who prefer cheaper petrol powered cars. In contrast, commercial buyers opt to buy the products and resale them later to prospective buyers at a greater profit. The existing luxury car tax has a significant influence on the EV market. Ordinarily, high taxes are a great disincentive to individuals seeking to purchase any form of goods. Typically, taxes increase the cost of buying a product by increasing the price payable for the product. Thus, the luxury car tax imposed on EV cars imposes enormous costs to the purchaser. As such, the tax leads to a higher upfront purchase price, thereby discouraging potential buyers from purchasing the product (Duff, 2015). It is noteworthy that while other countries offer stamp duty reductions for EV purchases, there are no such provisions in Australia. In addition, the Australian government provides no federal tax incentives for consumers to purchase EV cars (Tucker, 2016). Consequently, this has significantly suppressed the demand for electric vehicles in the country as most individuals find them too expensive compared to the alternative petrol cars. Reports indicate that dealers do not want to sell electric vehicles to the Australian population (Tucker, 2016). By and large, this situation is attributed to the cost structure and potential revenue loss resulting from the acceptance of EVs into the Australian economy. Specifically, EVs have generally low servicing requirements that are less costly than the traditional diesel or petrol powered cars (Hills, 2014). Ordinarily, most mechanical failures and maintenance costs arise from the combustion engine of the gasoline powered cars. Interestingly, these mechanical failures cost the consumers a lot of money which act as the primary source of revenue and profits for most dealers (Howard 2013). But, the electric vehicle technology is designed with few moving parts, and their servicing costs are minimal (Tucker, 2016). In turn, this creates a financial conflict of interest and acts as a disincentive to dealers, who opt not to sell EVs in the Australian market. It is rational to think that the EV market will expand and prosper in the future given the changes in the resource market. At the moment, the primary substitutes to electric cars are the traditional locomotives which fully rely on petrol or diesel power. Given the trend characterised by continuously rising oil prices caused by cyclical fluctuations in the supply of the commodity, maintaining gasoline-powered vehicles may become quite expensive in the future. Subsequently, the high oil prices will force consumers to seek alternative products that do not require petrol or diesel. In turn, this will lead to an upsurge in demand for EVs in the country. Additionally, government policies with regard to the environment will lead to an increase in demand for EVs. Particularly, strict anti-pollution laws and anti-emission regulations will force manufacturers to reduce their production of traditional vehicles and move towards the production of environmentally sustainable cars. What is more, adopting zero emission vehicle ownership incentives for car owners will create an inducement for individuals to purchase EVs. In turn, this will intensify the demand for electric cars. Most importantly, the change in tastes and preferences of consumers for environmentally friendly vehicles will lead to the prosperity of the EV market (Tucker, 2016). Consumers’ habits and mentality are changing as they can discern the numerous advantages that come with the ownership of EVs. As such, consumer awareness as to the effectiveness and eco-friendliness of this technology has increased significantly. Consequently, this is bound to increase the demand for electric vehicles. It is worth noting that accelerating the pace and the growth of the EV market requires a coordinated and dedicated action by the government, manufacturers, dealers and consumers (Glerum et. al.). First, the Australian government should enact supportive policies that will guarantee that EV purchasers can get the full economic value of their choice to shift from the traditional model cars to electric cars. Additionally, the government should provide substantial tax incentives and deductions for EV ownership and purchases. Fundamentally, this move will lead to a significant reduction in the overall price of the product. Â  In turn, this will motivate and entice reluctant individuals to purchase electric vehicles, thereby expanding the market. Likewise, the government should offer buyers considerable zero emission vehicle ownership incentives to encourage individuals to shift the to the eco-friendly electric vehicle technology (Harvey, 2013). Notably, the incentive has been adopted in countries like the US and Europe and has worked magnificently to improve and expand the EV market in these economies. The government in collaboration with EV manufacturers could also set up enabling infrastructure to ensure that EV owners have adequate access to ultra-fast charging stations. By so doing, they will guarantee that EV owners will have convenience without the fear of running out of charge. Duff, C. (2014). Why Australians aren't buying electric cars - yet. Cars Guide. Retrieved 3 January 2017, from https://www.carsguide.com.au/car-news/why-australians-arent-buying-electric-cars-yet-30869 Fan, S. & Hyndman, R. (2011). The price elasticity of electricity demand in South Australia (1st ed., pp. 1-17). Clayton, Victoria: Business and Economic Forecasting Unit, Monash University. Retrieved from https://robjhyndman.com/papers/Elasticity2010.pdf Glerum, A., Stankovikl, L., Themans, M. & Bierlaire, M. (2013). Forecasting the demand for electric vehicles: accounting for attitudes and perceptions (1st ed., pp. 12-24). Ecole Polythenique Feredale de https://transp-or.epfl.ch/documents/technicalReports/GleStaTheBie_2012.pdf Harvey, D. (2013). Exploring the adoption of EVs in the US, Europe and China; charging scenarios and infrastructure. Green Car Congress. Retrieved 3 January 2017, from https://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/08/icct-20130806.html Hills, G. (2014). Electric car maker Tesla charges into the Australian market with Model S. ABC. Retrieved 3 January 2017, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-03/electric-car-maker-tesla-charges-into-the-australian-market/5938528 Howard, B. (2013). EVs are better and cheaper, so why aren’t they selling? (Actually, they are). Extreme Tech. Retrieved 3 January 2017, from https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/165094-evs-are-better-and-cheaper-so-why-arent-they-selling-actually-they-are Tucker, H. (2016). Why Australian dealers don't want to sell electric cars. Business Insider Australia. Retrieved 3 January 2017, from https://www.businessinsider.com.au/why-australian-dealers-dont-want-to-sell-electric-cars-2016-1

Research Type Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research Type - Essay Example Grounded theory is based on symbolic interactionism; wherein behavior develops through mingling and association with others in a process composed of negotiation and renegotiation (Morse and Field, 1996). It opposes the notion of average behavior and static reaction to symbols. Phenomenology studies behavior in the context of the individual’s experience (Morse and Field, 1996). Compared with grounded theory, phenomenological research supposes that meanings and behaviors are more internally controlled rather than a result of outside influence. Both methods require the generation of huge amounts of data because of the individualistic (phenomenology) and interaction-based (grounded theory) approach that it takes and both are essential to Nursing research because a patient’s reaction to a health care practice is influenced by both internal and external factors. Managing and organizing qualitative data for analysis is needed so as to make a coherent and relevant research. One way of handling large volumes of data is by categorizing each paper or resource and coding them so as to make it easier to find a particular resource when needed. Qualitative research analysis software (i.e. Nvivo) can also be used to index and sort massive amounts of information for quicker access. The use of online data bases can also be harnessed because these data bases are already organized and streamlined so analysis will be more efficient. (Polit and Beck,

Discourse, Field-Configuring Events, and Change In Organizations Shell Essay

Discourse, Field-Configuring Events, and Change In Organizations Shell - Essay Example In an attempt to determine the safest and environmentally friendly way to dispose its spar, the company considered to dispose its Brent Spar by sinking it in 6000 feet of Atlantic water. This move was undetermined since the disposal could possibly contaminate other seawater thereby leading to human and environmental dangers (Wheeler et.al, 2009, p. 19). Intentionally, the company ignored critical assumptions made by environmentalist regarding the disposal of this waste. The company was therefore faced with an environmental problem allegation mainly from Greenpeace. This includes regular oil spills, drainage of harmful water into a canal and emission of dangerous gases from the pump. Crime and unemployment were external ethical issues that faced the oil industry. It is cited that the Nigerian government did not utilize the profit earned from the company in infrastructural development and other economic activities that tend to improve economic growth. Instead, the government channels these funds to finance political party’s activities. Unemployment created insecurity within the nation. The government and the system of public officials were cited as the most corrupt in the globe. This was due to misappropriation of government funds, thereby increasing crime in the country. The Nigerian government has the largest number of shares in the company formed collaborations with other industries thereby diluting company’s operations. In this perspective, this strategy was against the will of other shareholders. Considering the initial attempts to take over the company, any collaboration made between the company and United State oil companies placed the company at risk, but the Nigerian government did not put into consideration the decisions of other shareholders when initiating this partnership. It therefore sets up joint ventures with other multinational oil companies (Wheeler et.al, 2009, p. 34). After negotiation and a long debate on proposed

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 72

English - Essay Example To be specific, the villagers never try to realize that their belief in ‘the lottery’ is false. Instead, the blindly accept the tradition and happen to be the victims of the same. The speaker in the work by Shirley Jackson states that, â€Å"Soon the men began to gather, surveying their own children, speaking of planting and rain, tractors and taxes† (6). Besides, the lottery is used as a tool to sustain orthodoxy, but it brutally punishes individuals. Jackson Bill knows that lottery is not a fortune to his family. Still, he never tries to act against this inhuman custom. As the community members are supposed to follow the orthodoxy, one cannot expect the protagonist (say, Jackson Bill) to act against the same. S.T. Joshi opines that, â€Å"Certainly there is nothing supernatural about â€Å"The Lottery† (1948), whose impact rests on the very possibility of its occurrence† (13). From a different angle of view, the author makes use of the helpless cha racters to expose the inhuman aspects of orthodoxy. On the other side, the villagers still believe that sacrifice can result in fortune (say, good harvest). The author makes use of Tessie as the tool to proclaim the need to discard orthodoxy. Tessie is portrayed as the victim of orthodoxy, but she does not try to subdue to the same. Instead, she tries to express her views on forced human sacrifice. Still, this does not change the villagers’ attitude because their belief is blind. They never try to go beyond orthodoxy because their community never allows it. James Hugh Toner makes clear that, â€Å"By custom, others in the family join in to kill the lottery â€Å"winner†Ã¢â‚¬  (9). Bill knows that he cannot save his wife. Still, he does not try to save his wife. On the other side, Tessie tries to educate the villagers on their inhuman orthodoxy, but for no use. So, the author expects that Tessie’s fate will create awareness among the mass on the need to discard inhuman rituals

Human rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human rights - Research Paper Example The idea of human rights was even witnessed during the American as well as the French revolution during the period of 18th century (Forsythe, 2009, p.286). During the 19th century, the idea of human right was also promoted by John Stuart Mill who believed that human beings should have the right to speak freely, assemble and should have the right to perform any actions as long as that action does not violates the rights of other human beings (Haggerty, 2000, p.268). Hegel was another great philosopher who promoted the idea of human rights and specially paid emphasis on freedom of a person and said that all individuals should have the right to own assets, get into contracts with other human beings and should be protected through rules and regulations created by the government (Forsythe, 2009, p.134). Human Rights Laws Several nations have their own separate human rights laws in order to protect the people of their nation and these laws have been created to protect individuals from the atrocities of the government and the people who violate human rights. Several organizations that exist throughout the world have defined certain human rights and those nations who do not operate according to their definition are held responsible for violation of human rights and are considered as nations that have no regards for human life. Human rights are not separate laws that have been created to protect human life, but the ideology of human rights has become a part of constitutions throughout the world. Human rights can be witnessed in the constitution of US as well as France. Several laws within the constitution of the US are made to protect the human rights. These laws includes the 14th Amendment of the US constitution which states that all... According to the definition of human rights proposed by the United Nations the characteristics of human rights include: universalism and inalienable. This means that all nations should indulge in the promotion and protection of human rights and human freedom irrespective of their socio economic and political structures. The United Nations even states that human rights cannot be infringed upon by the states except in certain scenarios. For example: An individual’s right to freely express himself should not be violated until the right is harming others and is used to indulge in criminal activity. The UN even identifies human rights as being dependant on each other and cannot be divided. This means that all the rights that have been allotted to human beings are dependent on each other to function in a proper manner. For example: the right of freedom of speech and right to assemble are dependent on each other because without the right of freedom of speech, one cannot protest again st the government.

Denver art museum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Denver art museum - Essay Example One of the paintings which attracted me most during my visit to Denver art museum was the images that depicted both the innocence of childhood and glorious beauty of nature simultaneously. It portrayed two cute girls taking the pleasure of a lovely evening in which one girl’s curious activity entertained the other. This was the representation of the innocence of childhood at its best. Another painting which drew my attention represented the act of reading by a lady whose emotional expression was difficult for anyone to figure out. The lady merely read the book without the emotional reflections in her eyes and it showed the act being taken merely to pass time. At the same time, another painting; a lady reading a book with extreme curiosity and enthusiasm was indeed a contradiction to the other one. The comparison between the two paintings very well represented the various perspectives through which the same action is being performed. Works Cited Denver Art Museum. Aslam, M. Apr il, 9, 2010. Web 11 Feb 2011 http://www.buzzle.com/articles/denver-art-museum.html

Indiana Geology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Indiana Geology - Essay Example ich are lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous and anthracite that greatly differ in hardness and the harder the coal, the less the wetness and the more useful it is for fuel. However, bituminous coal, which has very little moisture but high heat value and is widely used in electricity generation coke making in the steel industry is the type discovered in Indiana. The discovery of Bituminous coal along river Wabash was one of the greatest findings in Indiana due to its priceless nature and this Indiana ranks number 15 in the nation’s energy affordability sixth and third in coal production and coal use nationwide respectively. Its mining began in 1830 and by 1918, it had significantly surpassed 30 million short tons that worth approximately $817 million dollars, which ranked it 8th in the nation in coal production and later reduced due to World War I. The chief mining method used in Indiana was deep mining until around 1940s when the introduction sophisticated excavation machines enabled the use of surface mining that was very cost effective. Surface mining has been very successful method contributing almost 70% of Indiana’s recent production (Indiana Business Research Centre Web). The Indiana coal is of a very great quality and has substantial distinction in chemical and physical properties. The infrastructure system especially transport system favored the mining process where there were single line and two line rail service that helped to export the coal. The rise of interest and opportunities in coal facilitated the building of infrastructure particularly in Ohio River and Lake Michigan, watercourse transfer points and equipment of main lines to help high-speed unit-trains that had big waits. There are sufficient road networks within the state to help trucking coal to their production points thus improving the economy of the state. Indiana coal has a very wide market both domestically and overseas using inland watercourse system and private terminals along

Are Science and Religion in Conflict Research Paper

Are Science and Religion in Conflict - Research Paper Example A quick glimpse of the topic, conflict in science and religion, using the online search engine generates more than 52 million results. This information could not clearly establish though, if indeed, conflict exists between the two divergent disciplines. The complexities by which the term religion is defined have proven the vast encompassing elements that go into its pursuit. Robinson (2011) for example, after evaluating a host of disparate definitions, arrived at this conclusion: â€Å"religion is any specific system of belief about deity, often involving rituals, a code of ethics, a philosophy of life, and a worldview" (p. 1). The simplicity by which science, on the other hand, clearly is indicated as â€Å"knowledge attained through study or practice," or "knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through scientific method [and] concerned with the physical world† (Science Made Simple, Inc., 2006) already signifies brewin g conflicts in terms of the possibilities of overlapping issues. In this regard, the objective of this essay is to confirm through supportive arguments from various authoritative sources that indeed, science and religion are not in conflict despite supposed overlapping and contradicting issues. Arguments Supporting Science and Religion are not Conflict From the overview of definitions of both science and religion, it is already eminent that conflicting issues exist due to their disparities in disciplines. According to Robinson (2009), science and religion are based on different foundations where â€Å"science is ultimately based on observation of nature†¦ (while) religion is largely based on faith† (p. 1). This fact is validated by Ecklund and Park (2009) when their findings supported â€Å"the idea that religion and science are in completely different spheres† (p. 290). Science deals with different areas ranging from natural sciences (study of the natural world) to social sciences (study of human behavior and society). Religion, on the other hand, has indicated from the abovementioned definition that it is a system of beliefs that encompasses a broader range of beliefs including philosophies of life and different perspectives of worldviews, depending on cultural factors and value systems. Since these two disciplines propose divergent theoretical foundations, there is no way that conflicts in interests could exist. Another supporting argument that attests that no conflict exists between science and religion is the fact that there are studies that reveal the existence of scientists with defined religious orientations who do not believe that conflicts between the two disciplines exist. In the study written by Scheitle (2011), to prove that no conflict exists, â€Å"the assumption is that, because they are the most knowledgeable about scientific matters, scientists will be most likely to demonstrate some conflict with religion if such a confli ct exists (Wuthnow, 1989, p. 143). If scientists are less religious that nonscientists, then the inference has been that there is an inherent conflict between scientific knowledge and religious belief† (Scheitle, 2011, p. 175). More importantly, and consistent with Scheitle’s study, the findings generated by Ecklund and Park from their study of Religion Among Academic Scientists (RAAS) which was completed over a three-year period from 2005 through 2007 revealed that â€Å"in contrast to research that has argued there is not an actual conflict between the knowledge framework of religion and that of science, on the basis that social scientists are le

Costa Launches New Flavour Drinks This Winter Essay Example for Free

Costa Launches New Flavour Drinks This Winter Essay ?Try Cioccospresso! Costa launches new flavour drinks for this different winter 12/11/2014 Costa is looking to create warmth this winter thanks to a brand new offering that will light up your taste buds. As the UK’s fastest growing coffee shop chain ,costa never stops its steps in innovation. This time, costa try to deliver an intense chocolate experience to you by offering Costa Cioccosresso, an upgraded chocolate drinks which will be available to buy in Costa and Costa Metro from 12th November 2014. It’s time to try something new besides your favorite coffee. Cioccospresso brings the zesty tastes right to your cup:chilli,vanilla,orange,mint and ginger. Combined with newly found cocoa and natural brown sugar,and topped with whipped cream and baking spices, this new drink addition offers you mellow enjoyment without adding milk. During her vocation in Mexico,Victoria Stewart, one of Costa’s barista, discovered this magic drink and brought it back to dear you. It’s even better that Cioccospresso is made with patented machine specially designed by Costa to keep its original aroma and healthy effects. Andrew Tornatore, senior marketing director for Costas UK, said: This is another delicious addition to the Costa’s menu and one were proud to be launching. We always try to offer more healthy beverage and food to our customers, which is why we try hard discovering better ingredients and techniques. New additions like Cioccospresso is one of our achievements. Great healthy effects such as reductions of migraines,risk of cardiovascular problems and blood pressure will be shown to you while the beverage still upholding the high standards. † The initial launch will also be hold in Leicester Square branch in November 12th,Aztec historians and health experts will be attending to present more information. Except that,Costa’s online activities waiting for your involvements as well,show your â€Å"Chocolate indulgence† and win free holidays! To find your nearest store, for more information or to view a menu visit www. costa. co. uk or Costa’s Facebook fan page. Press Enquiries: Nina Chen University of Leeds 0783 5xxx xxx Tuesday 10th November, 2014.

Industrial Revolution Essay Example for Free

Industrial Revolution Essay Friederich Engels), The Sadler Commission Testimonies, and the selections from Elizabeth Gaskells novel North and South we are able to witness how the Industrial Revolution impacted both economic and social aspects of life during that time. No one can doubt that the Industrial Revolution provided advantages that ultimately helped mold our society into the modern world that we know and love. However, the disadvantages were way more detrimental to those that lived through the Industrial Revolution. Harsh polluted living and working conditions, social class tension and cruel child and family labor ere all drawbacks that can not be ignored and overlooked by the Industrial Revolutions now present successes. The Industrial Revolution brought about Emigration and Urbanization. Prior to the Industrial Revolution many families resided in rural farming areas on the countryside. They were considered peasants that used farming and agriculture as a means for money and stability. Although many families stayed in the life of farming, many other families decided to move into the cities to look for Jobs doing industrial work in the coalmines and cotton mills. Living conditions in the urban cities were definitely a dramatic change. Instead of rural wide-open fresh-aired land, they were cramped up in overpopulated and polluted cities. Overall the cities were not exactly the cleanest places to live. They were also filled with both air and water pollution. The factories expelled harmful toxins likes soot and ashes into the air, causing the quality of air to be terrible. Many families that worked in these factories lived in tenement housing, which were very cramp, crowded and all stuck together. These housed did not have indoor plumbing or sewage, so waste and trash would be thrown into the streets. That would then run into the water supply to be used. Overall families had to endure very harsh living conditions Just to be able to work in these also harsh factories. Most of todays children have the luxury of going to school and having their parents work to support the household. However, most times in the days of the Industrial Revolution everyone in the family had to work to support life. Men, women and children as young as six did work in the factories. This was because parents alone could not earn enough money and needed their childrens help as well. In the Sadler Commission Testimonies, Michael Sadler interviews individuals to gain information and shed light on the troubles from the Industrial Revolution. He records Why do you allow your children to go to work at those places where they are ill-treated or over-worked? † Necessity compels a man that has children to let them work. Then asks Then you would not allow your children to go to those factories under the present system, if it as not from necessity? † No. (Sadler) This explains how it was absolute necessary to kids to work and help out in most tamilies. Also, unlike the stereotypical social gender norm that men are more useful and suitable for labor working Jobs, women and children were more desired by factory owners to work for them because of their ability to be more nimble and petite in size was more helpful to operate the machinery. FromFactory System: Two Views (Dr. Andrew Ure vs. Friederich Engels),Friederich Engels explains When spinning or weaving machinery isinstalled ractically all that is left to bedone by the hand is the piecing togetherof broken threads, and the machinedoes the rest. This task calls for nimblefingers rather than muscular strength. The labour of grown men is not merelyunnecessary but actually unsuitable. (Engels 457) . This ultimately lead into women and children being exploited the most in the work place. Not to be confused, everyone that worked in factories were taken advantaged of by their wealthier factory owning bosses, Those who owned factories were called the Bourgeois which developed as a new middle lass and those who worked in those factories were called Proletanats, which were the working low class laborers.

Exchange Rate Mechanisms And Regimes In India Finance Essay

Exchange Rate Mechanisms And Regimes In India Finance Essay India has gone through several stages of economic development ever since it received Independence on the 15th of August, 1947. Most notable of these stages would be the liberalisation of the economy in 1991. Until the liberalization of 1991, India was largely and intentionally isolated from the world markets, to protect its economy and to achieve self-reliance. Foreign trade was subject to import tariffs, export taxes and quantitative restrictions, while foreign direct investment (FDI) was restricted by upper-limit equity participation, restrictions on technology transfer, export obligations and government approvals.* Following a Balance of Payments crisis in the year 1991, India was literally forced to open its doors to international business, a notion previously held as most evil to the countrys growth by its leaders. It had to change its stance on several aspects of international trade, including the Exchange Rate policy adopted. But, in hindsight, we would all agree that liberalisation was a smart, if delayed, move on part of the countrys government. The economy is flourishing like never before. India is now considered a powerhouse on the global stage rather than a Third-World country. The countrys international transactions are now becoming a worrying concern for yesteryears champions like the United States and Great Britain. Since liberalization, the value of Indias international trade has become more broad-based and has risen to Rs. 63,080,109 crores in 2003-04 from Rs.1,250 crores in 1950-51. Indias major trading partners are China, the US, the UAE, the UK, Japan and the EU. The exports during April 2007 were $12.31 billion up by 16% and import were $17.68 billion with an increase of 18.06% over the previous year.* This document will give a brief overview of the Exchange Rate policy currently adopted by the countrys central banker, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which has made all of this possible. *Source: Wikipedia Economy of India (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_India) History of Exchange Rate Regimes in India* During the period 1950-1951 until mid-December 1973, India followed an exchange rate regime with Rupee linked to the Pound Sterling, except for the devaluations in 1966 and 1971. When the Pound Sterling floated on June 23, 1972, the Rupees link to the British units was maintained; paralleling the Pounds depreciation and effecting a de facto devaluation. On September 24, 1975, the Rupees ties to the Pound Sterling were broken. India conducted a managed float exchange regime with the Rupees effective rate placed on a controlled, floating basis and linked to a basket of currencies of Indias major trading partners. In early 1990s, the above exchange rate regime came under severe pressures from the increase in trade deficit and net invisible deficit. In the aftermath of a balance of payments crisis in 1991, stabilization was undertaken simultaneously with structural reforms over wide areas of the Indian economy. This dramatic change in context fundamentally altered the manner in which monetary policy began to be formulated, especially the forex policy adopted by the country. This shift led the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to undertake downward adjustment of Rupee in two stages on July 1 and July 3, 1991. This adjustment was followed by the introduction of the Liberalized Exchange Rate Management System (LERMS) in March 1992 and hence the adoption of, for the first time, a dual (official as well as market determined) exchange rate in India. However, such system was characterized by an implicit tax on exports resulting from the differential in the rates of surrender to export proceeds. Subsequently, in March 1993, the LERMS was replaced by the unified exchange rate system and hence the system of market determined exchange rate was adopted. However, the RBI did not relinquish its right to intervene in the market to enable orderly control. In addition, the foreign exchange market of India was characterized by the existence of both official and black market rates with median premium. However, such black market premium steadily declined during the following decades until 1993. RBIs official position on the current Exchange Rate Policy: The objective of the exchange rate management has been to ensure that the external value of the Rupee is realistic and credible as evidenced by a sustainable current account deficit and manageable foreign exchange situation. Subject to this predominant objective, the exchange rate policy is guided by the need to reduce speculative activities, help maintain an adequate level of reserves, and develop an orderly foreign exchange market. *Source: International Economics Historical Exchange Rate Regimes of Asian Countries (http://intl.econ.cuhk.edu.hk/exchange_rate_regime/index.php?cid=15) Exchange Rates In international transactions, if we export goods to other countries, our exporter in India would like to be paid in Indian Rupees whereas the foreign buyer would like to pay in his home currency. If the buyer is in United States, he will pay only in US Dollars. Thus, it becomes necessary to convert this US Dollars into Indian Rupees. The rate at which USD is converted into Indian Rupees is known as Exchange Rate. In short, exchange rate is the ratio used to convert one currency into another. Exchange rates are quoted under two methods: Direct method Indirect method. Direct Quotations While quoting the exchange rate for a currency if the unit of foreign currency is kept constant and its value is expressed in terms of variable home currency the method of quoting exchange rate is known as Direct Quotation. In this case, the unit of home currency will be varying for every unit of foreign currency. e.g., USD 1 = Rs. 48.85 GBP 1 = Rs. 75.2550 Effective from August, 6, 1993 we have changed our system of quoting exchange rates to Direct Quotations. By adopting this system, we have fallen in line with the International practice. It has become more transparent for the dealing public and it will be easier for them to follow up the movement of exchange rates. Indirect Quotations When the unit of home currency is kept constant and the unit of home currency is expressed in terms of variable units foreign currency, then this method of quoting exchange rate is called Indirect Quotation. Prior to August 1993, we were following this system for quoting exchange rates. e.g., Rs.l00/- = USD 2.2400 Rs.l00/- = GBP 1.2400 Two Way Quotes In other commercial transactions whenever we enquire the price of a commodity the seller will immediately quote his selling price. But in Foreign exchange market exchange rates are always quoted for buying and selling i.e., one rate for buying and the other rate for selling. For example, if Bank X calls for the rates from Bank Y for USD/INR Bank Y will quote: USD/INR = 42.15/16 It means that Bank Y is prepared to buy USD at Rs.42.15 and sell at 42.16. This method of quoting both buying and selling rates is known as Two Way Quotation. For all practical purposes if we treat Foreign Exchange as a commodity, the logic and application of this Two-way quotation can be understood easily, i.e., a trader will always be willing to buy a commodity at a lesser price and sell at a higher price. The principle or maxim involved in this method of quotation is: BUY LOW SELL HIGH (Under Direct Quotation) Different Transactions and Relevant Exchange Rates In the above examples, (a) is an outward remittance, which does not involve any additional labor. Bank will be recovering the rupee equivalent from the customer and remit the foreign exchange to their correspondent Bank as per their drawing arrangements with instructions to pay to the lending financial institution on behalf of their customer. If it is a remittance relating to an import bill, (b), as a banker, bank will be verifying the documents, entering them in their register, presenting the bill to the importer for payment and also check whether all the conditions stipulated by the correspondent bank are complied with. For this nature of involvement of manpower, Bank is eligible for some additional compensation. This compensation will be loaded or adjusted while quoting the exchange rate for this import transaction. In other words, the exchange rate for import transaction will be costlier to the customer when compared to the exchange rate for clean outward remittances. The differe nt rates quoted for these two transactions are TT selling and bill selling. Likewise, Bank will quote different buying rates for export bills and for other clean inward remittances. Following are the different rates, which are quoted to the customer depending upon the nature of transaction: Buying Rates: A.l. TT Buying Rate: (NATURE OF TRANSACTIONS) Clean inward remittance (TT, PO, MT, and DD) for which cover has already been provided in ADs Nostro Account abroad. Conversion of proceeds of instruments sent on collection basis. [When proceeds are credited to Nostro Account] Cancellation of outward TT, MT, PO, DD etc. Cancellation of forward sale contract. Undrawn portion of an Export Bill realised. A.2. Bill Buying Rate: (NATURE-OF TRANSACTIONS) 1. Purchase/ negotiation/ discounting of export bills and other instruments. Selling Rates: B.l. TT Selling Rate. (NATURE OF TRANSACTIONS) Outward remittance in foreign currency (TT, MT, PO, DD) Cancellation of purchase transactions, i.e., Bill purchased earlier is returned unpaid Bill purchased earlier is transferred to collection account. Inward remittance received earlier (converted into rupees) is refunded to the remitting bank. Cancellation of Forward purchase contract. Remittances relating to payment of import bills, which are directly received by the importer. Crystallisation of overdue export bills. NOTE: If the remittance is a clean remittance i.e. no documents are to be handled by the banks, TT Selling rate will be applied. B.2. Bill Selling Rate. 1. Transaction involving remittance of proceeds of import bill (except bills received directly by the. importer) NOTE: Even if the proceeds of the import bills are to be remitted in foreign Currency by way of DD, MT, TT, and PO rate to be applied will be Bill Selling rate. 2. Crystallisation of overdue import bills. Apart from the above, separate rates will be quoted for selling and buying of Travelers Cheques and Foreign currency notes. Calculation of Merchant Rates FEDAI has provided detailed guidelines for calculation of exchange rates for merchant transactions. Following factors are to be taken into account by banks before quoting rates to customers: STEP 1. Arrive at the cover rate i.e. the rate at which ADs will be covering the transaction in the market immediately the customer delivers the instrument. It may also be treated as the rate at which the AD can dispose off / acquire the Foreign Exchange in/from the market. STEP 2. Load the prescribed profit margin. EXCHANGE MARGIN: FEDAI has left the discretion of loading profit margin to the individual banks. It is now purely at the discretion of the individual Bankers to load the appropriate exchange margin and improve the exchange rate depending upon the volume and nature of the transaction. STEP 3. Rounding off the transaction to the nearest 4 decimals, i.e., .0025/50/75/00. EXAMPLE: Exporter has submitted a bill for USD 100,000. Inter-bank exchange rate 48.02/03 Profit margin 1.5 paise STEP 1: Select the appropriate base rate at which the bank can dispose off the USD against Indian Rupee in the market. In this case, Bank may be able to dispose off USD 100000 at Rs. 48.02 in the Inter Bank market at the market-buying rate. STEP 2: Load the prescribed profit margin: Base rate Rs.48.02 Deduct the profit margin: Rs.48.0200 0.0150 = Rs.48.0050 Since Bank will be paying Indian Rupees to exporter customer, Bank will be deducting their profit margin from the rupee proceeds. STEP 3: Round off to the nearest 4 decimals. In the above transaction, Bank will be quoting the rate as 48.0050 to the customer. Cross Rates / Chain Rule If a Corporate wants to purchase Euro (EUR) since this currency is not normally quoted in India, AD will procure US Dollars from Inter-bank market against Rupees and will contact any of the overseas market to get Euro by disposing the US Dollars. E.g., A customer wants to retire an import bill for EUR 50,000 and the Inter Bank rate for USD/INR is at 39.02/03 and the overseas market rate for EUR/USD is 0.8920/30. In order to arrive at the EUR/INR exchange rate Bank will be applying following Chain Rule method. It should be noted that the market quote for EUR/USD is expressed under Indirect quotation i.e., one unit of Euro will be equivalent to how much USD. First leg of the transaction is, Authorised Dealer procures USD against Indian Rupees from inter-bank market: USD $1 = Rs.39.03 i.e. to procure US$ 1, AD will pay Rs.39.03 in the Interbank. With this USD, AD will go to London market and procure EUR paying USD 0.8930 for one EUR. By applying Chain Rule : 1 EUR = USD 0.8930 1 USD = INR 48.03 Then 1 EUR will be equivalent to 0.8930*39.03 = INK 39.8907 Rounding off to 4 decimals = Rs.39.8925 This method of arriving at the value of other currencies through US Dollar or any other third currency is known as Cross Rate or Chain Rule. Card Rates Dealing room of all banks as soon as open for that days business, works out the exchange rate for all the major currencies and for all types of transactions. This rate will be communicated to all branches of the bank. This rate will be the indicative rates and this rate will be applicable only for transaction up to the prescribed level i.e., smaller value transactions. Spot Rates Forward Rates We have learnt that exchange rate is the price at which one currency can be bought or sold for another currency. The date on which currencies are exchanged can be any date from the date starting from the date of transaction to any future dates. Transactions may be either Spot or forward depending upon the delivery of the Foreign Exchange. Under Spot, we have CASH-SPOT, TOM-SPOT. If the exchange of currencies takes place on the same day of transaction, it is known as CASH DEAL. If the exchange of currencies takes place on the next working day, i.e. tomorrow, it is known as TOM-DEAL. If the exchange of currencies takes place on the second working day after the date of transaction it is known as SPOT DEAL. Normally exchange rates are quoted on spot basis i.e., the settlement will take place on the second working day after the date of transaction. Wherever foreign exchange will be delivered after SPOT date, it is known as Forward transactions. Going back to the above Import transaction, if the Importer gets the information that his shipment will be reaching India only after 3 months it is possible that due to exchange fluctuations he may have to pay more in Rupee terms. If he feels that the exchange rate on the third month, at the time of retirement of the import bill, will not be favorable to him, he may like to fix an assured rate for his future transaction. This type of fixing the exchange rate for a future transaction, at the desired time earlier to the date of actual transaction is known as Forward contracts. Premium/Discount on Direct Quotations If we are familiar with commodity or share market it would be known that spot rate, forward rates are different, and they need not be the same. This is so because the anticipated demand and supply and the cost situations at the forward date may not necessarily be identical with that of the existing at present. The commodity/share could be quoted at a higher (premium) or lower (discount) rate for future deliveries. We shall illustrate this with an example: Spot interbank rate of USD 1 = Rs.39.25 3 months forward USD 1 = Rs.39.95 If one has to buy dollar three months forward against Rupees, he has to pay 70 paise more for the same dollar, i.e., 3 months dollar will be costlier by 70 paise compared to spot rate. Therefore US Dollar is said to be at premium in forwards vis-a-vis rupee. In direct quotations premium is always added to both the buying and selling spot rates. In another situation: Spot interbank rate of USD 1 = JPY 108.50 3 months forward USD 1 = JPY 106.50 From the above illustration it will be seen that the USD/JPY for 3 months forward is available at a cheaper rate as compared to spot. In other words USD is cheaper by 2 JPY forward compared to spot. i.e., USD is at discount in forwards vis-a-vis JPY direct quotations. Discount factor is always deducted from the buying and selling spot rate. From the above it is now clear that if we compare spot and forward rates we are able to arrive at the following three possibilities: a. If the spot rate and the forward rate are the same they are at par. b. In direct quotations if forward rate is more than the spot rate the base currency is said to be at premium. c. In direct quotations if forward rate is less than the spot rate the base currency is said to be at discount. Quoting Forward Rates Forward differentials are always quoted in two figures like, 15/16 and 15/14. It will be either at ascending or descending order. If the first figure is less than the second figure {in ascending order} then the base currency is said to be at premium. In direct quotations premium is always added to both the buying and selling rates. If it is a buying transaction for the bank, the quoting bank will add lesser of the two premium figures so as to give minimum rupees. Likewise if it is a selling transaction, the quoting bank, will add higher of the two premium figures to take the maximum amount in rupees for selling a foreign currency. EXAMPLE Interbank market rates: Spot USD: Rs.39.2025/2100 1 month forward 15/16 a) We have an export bill transaction. Since the forward differentials are in ascending order the base currency, USD is at premium. Hence, it should be added with the spot rate to arrive at the forward rate. Out of the two premium figures (15/16) since Bank will be giving Indian rupees, they will give minimum amount in rupees. Step 1: Spot buying rate USD 1 = Rs.39.2025 Step 2: To arrive at the forward rate: Since the base currency is at premium and Bank has to give rupees, add the minimum premium, i.e., add 15 paise to the spot rate. Spot buying rate USD 1 = Rs. 39.2025 Add premium = Rs. 00.1600 Rs. 39.3625 Hence, the forward rate for this export transaction will be Rs.39.3625. b) In an import transaction, while recovering rupees from the importer customer, for one-month forward rate, Bank will add the maximum premium i.e. 16 paise and the forward rate for Banks selling transaction would be: Spot selling rate USD 1 = Rs. 39.2100 Add premium = Rs. 00.1600 Forward rate for selling = Rs.39.3700 If the forward differentials are on the descending order i.e., 25/24, the base currency is said to be at discount. In direct quotations, if the base currency is at a discount, discount factor is always deducted from the spot rate. When two discount figures are quoted if it is a buying transaction (export bills) in which bank will be giving rupees, they will be deducting higher of the two figures and give minimum rupees. EXAMPLE: Interbank market Spot USD 1 = Rs.39.2725/00 1 month forward 25/24 (paise) To arrive at the 1-month forward rates: Buying Selling (Export bill) (Import bill) Inter-bank Spot 39.2725 39.2800 Deduct the discount 0.2500 0.2400 1 month forward rate 39.0225 39.0400 From the above example, in direct quotations, in selling transactions, lesser amount of discount is deducted to take maximum rupees for every dollar. RBI Regulations on Forward Contracts A person resident in India may enter into a forward contract with an authorized dealer to hedge an exposure to exchange risk subject to production of satisfactory documentary evidence about the genuineness of the underlying exposure. This has been relaxed on 1.12.2001 -vide RBI guidelines EC/CO/FMD/453/18.07.01 /2001-02 wherein Reserve Bank permits Authorized Dealers to book FWD contracts based on a declaration of an exposure subject to: FWD contracts booked in aggregate, should not exceed 50%of the average of previous 3 financial years actual import/export turnover subject to a cap of USD 100 Mn or equivalent. Declaration to AD about amount booked with other Authorised Dealers Undertaking to produce supporting documentary evidence before maturity of the FWD contract. Substitution of contracts for hedging trade transactions may be permitted on satisfactory reasons Contracts involving rupee as one of the currencies, once cancelled shall not be re-booked although they can be rolled over at ongoing rates on or before maturity. This restriction shall not apply to contracts covering export transactions, which may be cancelled, rebooked or rolled over at on-going rates.

Techniques of Cloning :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Techniques of Cloning â€Å" It is now possible to make clones, or exact genetic copies, of sheep, cows, goats, mice and, probably, humans. This opens the way towards the production of replacement body parts from adult cells † ( Gurdon and Colman 743 ). Cloning techniques have been in use for centuries. The practice of taking cuttings is universal among gardeners, and large companies now propagate desirable plant strains in their millions. Lower invertebrates can also be cloned. For example, cut an earthworm or flatworm in half, and the missing halves will regenerate to create two genetically identical individuals. Although vertebrates cannot be cloned by these routes, identical twins are naturally occurring genetic clones. Moreover, the method of nuclear transplantation, first developed about forty years ago in frogs, has been successfully used to make clones of sheep, mice, cows and goats, and it could probably be applied to people too. By taking a few non-reproductive cells from adult mammals, identical replicas can be created without damage or even inconvenience to the donors. In vertebrates, fertilization begins with the union of the sperm and the egg. The unfertilized egg is stopped at a certain stage of the cell-division cycle, and the sperm provides an activation stimulus that triggers the resumption and completion of cell division. â€Å" The egg and sperm 'pronuclei' then swell, their chromosomes unravel from the tightly packed, 'condensed' state in which they are stored, and DNA replication can proceed † ( Gurdon and Colman 743 ). The chromosomes then recondense, the nuclear membrane dissolves, and the fertilized egg divides into two identical daughter cells. Nuclear transfer subverts fertilization by replacing the female genetic material of an unfertilized egg with the nucleus from a different cell. â€Å" This was first done successfully on frogs in the 1950s, in the United States and Britain † ( Gurdon and Colman 744 ). A non-reproductive (somatic) cell, such as an intestinal epithelial cell, was ruptured by suction into a glass microneedle. Its nucleus, surrounded by a layer of cytoplasm, was then injected into an unfertilized egg from which the female genetic material had been removed or destroyed by ultraviolet irradiation. Some of

William Shakespeares Othello and The Tragic Hero :: William Shakespeare Othello Hero Essays

William Shakespeare's Othello and The Tragic Hero   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If one reads Shakespeare's Othello, they can come to the conclusion that it might be one of the his most tragic plays ever written by Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet, is probably the most famous of his tragic plays, but Othello, has characteristics that, I think make it even more tragic than his other plays, and therefore for that reason, you can say that Othello is the most tragic hero.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Othello is a noble man, one who has grace with the ladies but also possesses all the virtues of a military leader that he is. He is a general that is experienced in battle. He has shown that he is reliable and well known in the military and is well respected. His valiant personality, is what draws people to him, as it does for Desdemona. The senators value him and hear what he says when he speaks. This is shown here by one of the senators. "Here comes Barbantio and the valiant Moor", (Act I scene 3, 47) . This is an example of the many comments which shows Othello's character and personality as a person and an officer. They say he is one of the great leaders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not only does he posses great character and courage, but also dignity. He keeps his control even when he is being accused of witchcraft during the first encounter with the senators when Desdemona's father confronts him about see his daughter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "Most potent, grave, and reverend signors,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My very noble and approved good masters;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  That I have ta'en away this old man's daughter,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is most true; true I have married her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The very head and front of my offending   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hath the extent, no more. Rude I am in my speech,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And little blessed with the soft phrase of peace;" (I, iii, 91)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is an example of how Othello deals with style and grace under fire, when he is accused of witch craft, by marrying Desdemona. He neither, yells or screams, but explains in a manner that captivates his audience, and draws them in to listen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A major sign that Othello shows his rage and jealousy occurs in Act III, scene 3, when Iago is talking with Othello and tells him that Desdemona is a whore. Othello's breakdown, almost to choke Iago, simply asks Iago   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "Villain, be sure thou prove my love a whore, Be sure if it. Give me the ocular proof. Or by the worth of mine eternal soul, thou hadst been better have been born a dog. Than answer my waked wrath." (Act III, scene 3) This a point in the play where Iago starts unveil his malicious plan.

What Drives Someone to Complete the Devastating Acts of Terrorism? Essa

Since the darkest day, September 11, 2001, the citizens of The United States of America are on alert and are weary of acts of terrorism. One can turn on the television and can easily find an act of terrorism. Most recent acts are the Boston bombings or the bombings in Volgograd, and most recently the two bombings in Sochi. What drives someone to complete the devastating acts of terrorism? How can on predict, based off of antisocial behaviors, who is more likely to become a terrorist? Regardless of ethnicity, nationality, or racial background, experts agree terrorists share one common link: their childhood. One tends to be more susceptible to becoming a terrorist because of a traumatic event in their childhood to cause antisocial behavior. In fact one traumatic event, whether real or imagined, during childhood increases the likelihood of a person exhibiting anti-social behavior. Terrorist typically have a path they follow which leads them to a life of violence and antisocial behavior. According to a New York Times’ article on the terrorist mind, terrorist have â€Å"extremist beliefs, which begins early in life; a strong sense of victimization and alienation† (Kershaw). Sarah Kershaw believes, a terrorist fears becoming alienated from society; therefore to prevent this alienation, they draw attention to themselves through acts of terrorism. However, a major trigger that pushes a person beyond the breaking point of a â€Å"normal† person to a terrorist is their own individual past. One can define a â€Å"normal† person as one who goes with the flow of society and does not act out in violence to voice their opinion. Rex Hudson also believes, â€Å"Terrorists are generally people who feel alienated† The event in the person’s past could range from a num... ...ons." American Psychological Association. N.p., Nov. 2009. Web. 20 Dec. 2013. DeAngelis, Tori. "Understanding Terrorism." American Psychological Association. N.p., Nov. 2009. Web. 19 Dec. 2013. Hudson, Rex A. The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism: Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why? Washington, D.C.: The Library of Congress, Sept. 1999. PDF. Kershaw, Sarah. "The Terrorist Mind: An Update." Nytimes.com. The New York Times, 9 Jan. 2010. Web. 18 Dec. 2013. "Narcissistic." Dictionary.com. Random House, 2013. Web. 09 Jan. 2014. "Osama Bin Laden Fast Facts." CNN.com. Cable News Network, 24 Dec. 2013. Web. 09 Jan. 2014. Rosenberg, Jennifer. "Adolf Hitler." 20th Century HIstory. About.com, n.d. Web. 09 Jan. 2014. Speaking of Psychology: Getting into a Terrorist's Mind. American Psychological Association, n.d. American Psychological Association. Web. 28 Dec. 2013.

Millenium Development Goals Essay

The eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) emerged from the United Nations (UN) Millennium Declaration in 2000, and are arguably the most politically important pact ever made for international development. They identify speciï ¬ c development priorities across a very broad range, including poverty, education, gender, health, environment, and international partnerships. These goals have substantially shaped development dialogue and investment; some development agencies judge all their activities on the contribution to achievement of the MDGs. Overall, progress towards the MDGs has been described as â€Å"patchy† and â€Å"uneven†. The broad conclusion is that few goals are entirely on track globally, and those that are show substantial variation, with least progress in Africa and often south Asia. The MDGs comprise a set of eight goals and associated targets and indicators. They represent the latest eï ¬â‚¬ort in a long process of development goal setting which had antecedents in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Development Decade of the 1960s, and the many UN summits of the second half of the 20th century that set speciï ¬ c goals to reduce hunger, improve health, eradicate diseases, and school children. The Millennium Declaration presented six values that were considered to be fundamental to international relations in the 21st century: freedom, equality, solidarity, tolerance, respect for nature, and shared responsibility. Seven key objectives were identiï ¬ ed to translate these shared values into actions: peace, security, and disarmament; development and poverty eradication; protection of our common environment; human rights, democracy, and good governance; protection of vulnerable people; meeting of the special needs of Africa; and strengthening of the UN. The performance of individual MDGs so far suggests that they have made four important positive contributions: encouraging global political consensus, providing a focus for advocacy, improving the targeting and ï ¬â€š ow of aid, and improving the monitoring of development projects. The MDGs are claimed to be â€Å"the ï ¬ rst global development vision that combines a global political endorsement with a clear focus on, and means to engage directly with, the world’s poor people†. There are many challenges posed by the Millenium Development Goals. Set against these positive contributions are several shortcomings that emerge consistently across the analysis of individual MDGs. Characteristically, most of these weaknesses present themselves as the ï ¬â€šip side of the MDGs’ more positive elements. Thus, the Millenium Development Goals, which has probably facilitated their acceptance and use, makes them at the same time limited in scope, whereas their quantitative targets and precise indicators often fail to capture some crucial elements of goal achievement. We have to accept that all goal setting involves such trade-offs. However, the value of focusing on shortcomings of the MDGs lies in our potential to improve them, or replace them with something better. Ineï ¬â‚¬ective MDGs pose two risks: they might not achieve their intended eï ¬â‚¬ect, and they could lead to negative eï ¬â‚¬ects by ignoring or impeding more eï ¬â‚¬ective development and poverty reduction. There are many problems with the goals set by UN. The MDGs represent a subset of a broader development vision expressed in the Millennium Declaration. Goals were never developed for several key objectives of the Declaration, including peace, security and disarmament, and human rights. The elements taken into the MDGs were in fact the speciï ¬ c targets associated with only one objective of the Declaration, that of development and poverty eradication. Some of these goals, being themselves derived from speciï ¬ c targets, were very narrow in conception: education goals focused mainly on primary education, whereas health goals focused only on three aspects of health associated with maternal mortality, child mortality, and speciï ¬ c diseases.

Sanitation Facilities

Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. An improved sanitation facility is one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. Improved sanitation generally involves physically closer facilities, less waiting time, and safer disposal of excreta. Poor sanitation is responsible for one of the heaviest existing disease burdens worldwide. The diseases associated with poor sanitation and unsafe water account for about 10% of the global burden of disease.The most common disease of poor health associated with poor sanitation is a diarrhoeal disease. Globally, about 1. 7 million people die every year from diarrhoeal diseases, and 90% are children under 5 years of age, mostly in developing countries. 88% percent of cases of diarrhoeal diseases worldwide are attributable to unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene. In this essay I will analyse the economic benefits of sanitation, the eco nomic disadvantages, the link between a rise in GDP and the access to sanitation in regions all over the world including Asia, Africa, Europe and North America.I will do this by analysing data set curves which I have obtained from a various amount of sources such as national journals, reports and articles relating to this subject. I will be using data sets from the UNEP and carrying out multiple regressions. Finally I will be looking at the Environmental Kuznets model to see whether it applies to this relationship between economic growth and the access to sanitation.According to 2010 figures, approximately 2 billion people do not use improved sanitation facilities, two-thirds of which live in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. By looking at Figure 1 we can see that it is in the developed regions such as North America and parts of Europe where people have a good access to sanitation, while on the other hand it is the mostly the developing regions such as Asia and sub-Saharan Africa with th e poor access to sanitation. This figure already makes the relationship between economic development and access to sanitation vaguely clear.The Asian and African regions would be a good place to have a look at this relationship even more closely; this is because over the past few decades, countries in the Asian regions such as China have undergone a huge advance in economic growth while on the other hand there has been little or non-existent economic growth in the African regions. Asia is the world's fastest growing economic region. China is the largest economy in Asia and the second largest economy in the world.Moreover, Asia is the site of some of the world's longest economic booms and by looking at Figure 2 it is evident to see that over the past few decades there has been a dramatic rise in the GDP of Asia but very little in the GDP of Africa. Now by looking at Figure 3 which is a graph showing the level of improved drinking/safe water coverage, improved as in drinking-water sou rces such as piped water to the house or yard, public taps and rainwater collection. Improved sanitation facilities including flush or pour-flush toilets connected to a piped sewer system.By looking at this we can see that in Asia there has also been a dramatic rise in the access to unpolluted water which is a positive relation to the GDP. I gathered the data which is on Figures 2 and 3 onto excel and carried out a regression analysis for the Asian region to help understand to what extent the strength in the relationship between the dependent variable (GDP) and the independent variable (Sanitation) which is shown on Figure 4. By looking at the R squared we can see that this model has a strong explanatory power as it is very close to 1.According to the coefficient we can also see that every time the GDP increases by $50billion, there is an increase of almost 3. 4 million people with improved access to sanitation. Poor sanitation results in an economic loss as it is linked with the co sts of treatment to sanitation related diseases and income which is lost through productivity. Furthermore poor sanitation can also lead to a loss of time and effort as a result of poor facilities, lower quality of products due to poor quality of water and of course a dramatically reduced income coming from tourism as there is a great risk of disease.According to various studies from the WHO (World Health Organisation), there has been evidence that there are huge economic costs which arise from the poor sanitation. At a global level there is a loss of around $40billion per year due to poor sanitation; looking at South Asia alone we can see that in places such as Indonesia, Vietnam and Cambodia there is a loss of around $10billion a year, the key impacts of this came about from poor health and tourism, poor sanitation can affect everyone but especially effects those who are poor(Hutton, 2007). Several studies have also been conducted to estimate the economic costs associated with poo r sanitation. In Ghana and Pakistan, for example, the indirect effect on child mortality of environmental risk has added more than 40% to the cost of directly caused child mortality. If one took into account the effect of such malnutrition, they will be able to see the huge impact on impairing school performance and delayed entry into the labour market, the cost would double to around 10% of the GDP.Improvement to sanitation can bring various types of benefits to an economy, one of which are the direct benefits of preventing or avoiding illnesses as there would be no money spent on healthcare treating patients with diseases due to sanitation. There will also be indirect benefits such as a decrease in the amount of work days absent being sick and longer life, and finally and very importantly there will be a lot of time saved. As we have seen already, sanitation is also important when it comes to economic development.In Africa many young women are dying every year as they are the ones which carry the polluted water, they are also then forced to drop out of education during puberty years in order to look after their sick children as a result of the polluted water, this means that women are not able to be educated and they can even find it difficult to join the labour supply. Every 10% raise in female literacy (due to increased attendance at school) a nation’s economy can grow by around 0.3% (Dollar et al, 1999). According to Hutton (2008) there could be an estimated that annual investments of around $27million in Tanzania and Vietnam would result in benefits of around $70million for the health sector alone. Hutton also estimated that there is a potential to save around $6billion in many parts of Asia if improved sanitation can be introduced. Overall Hutton stated that there are many costs and benefits available however the benefits still do overpower the costs.Moreover, the Disease Control Priorities Project recently found that hygiene promotion to prevent diarrhoea was the most cost-effective health intervention in the world at only $3. 35 per DALY loss averted, with sanitation promotion following closely behind at just $11. 15 per DALY loss averted. This is to say that economic growth and sanitation for sure have a strong relationship within one another; this can be shown on the environmental Kuznets curve.The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is a relationship between income and pollution which is hypothesized to have an inverted U-shape. The idea of an inverted U-shaped Kuznets curve stems from the Kuznets' work in income equality (Kuznets, 1955). The EKC hypothesis states that as income increases pollution goes up initially but after certain time pollution eventually declines. The point at which pollution level is the highest is called a turning point. This then evidently applies to developing countries as they are the ones which have the higher levels of income.Looking at Figure 5 we can see that in Europe up to the year 2000 w ater pollution was on a rise, however sometime in the year 2000 there was a turning point where the pollution of water started to decline. According to the Kuznets curve, in the year 2000 the economies within Europe produced a certain GDP and a certain GDP per capita which led to the decline of the water pollution. According to Figure 6 in the year 2000 the turning point on the Kuznets curve was at $18000 per capita, this is the level of GDP per capita needed in the European region in order to reverse the trend of water pollution.Looking back at Figure 5 we can also see that in the North American region up till 1998 there was an increase of water pollution however sometime in 1998, just like in Europe, people’s incomes were growing and GDP per capita was on a rise. Looking at Figure 6, according to the EKC, GDP per capita in North America will be at $36000 which is where there will be a turning point. Both the EKC’s for Europe and for North America are shown on Figure 7. This analysis clearly tells us that the relationship between the two is dependable on the economic stages of development.In the other regions around the world there will not be a turning point on the EKC as people do not earn enough to have this effect, good sanitation facilities are the main way in which water pollution can decrease, more developed economies around the world have the funds to invest in good sanitation, however as we have discussed, the less developed countries do not have access to these sanitation facilities therefore their economies are heavily impacted and the funds for the technology needed to provide improved sanitation are hard to come by, therefore these countries are on the upwards slope of the EKCmeaning they have not yet achieved the GDP per capita in order to have a turning point. I have aimed to show the various ways in which sanitation is fundamental to good health and also economic development. Given the data I have analysed, I can surely state tha t the investment in improved sanitation would be beneficial to an economy. Ultimately, I can say that there is a strong relationship in economic growth and access to sanitation and I can also say that the EKC does apply to the water pollution we have in the real world. Finally I can also say that the level of the turning point also depends on the stages of economic development.

NCAA Sanctions and Paying Players: Should This Be Allowed

A customer walks into the local Pizza Hut, and sits down. A waiter approaches and asks what kind of pizza they want. The customer gives his order to him, and lays 200 dollars under the menu. The waiter notices, and takes the money. The customer’s pizza is 10 dollars, and he pays for it by a debit card. When he leaves, he puts 300 dollars under his own plate. The waiter grabs the money, places the money in his pocket, and goes back to working. Now, if two new characters illustrated the names of the waiter and the customer for the football player, and an athletic booster, then everyone would be saying how rude it is, and how corrupt our society is. That is an exact reason why we shouldn’t pay players, and how the sanctions that the NCAA has put down to prevent the main sanction (paying players) from happening. Paying players to play an athletic sport in the NCAA should not be allowed, and that’s because colleges aren't allowed/shouldn't pay players and they don't need to earn money. There are many arguments against paying players The first argument, â€Å"Colleges aren't allowed/shouldn't pay players† has many opinionated answers, are biased, or have no clue of what's going on. In some past research, there have been some points that have been made that they should be paid. Others, for instance, show that they shouldn't be paid. There’s been that they’re getting free academics, free board, free meal, etc. and there’s also seen that full-ride scholars can't have a full-time job, so they could use some money. Both, I agree with, but in general, they shouldn't be paid, but there should be some rule changes. What I'm saying is, is that you notice smaller schools getting hit with the sanctions. For instance, Southern Methodist University, in the 80's, paid 21 football players over $61,000 to play for them over 3 years. If you notice, there is a rule that you can't pay players to play NCAA Football. To pay college athletes to play football for you is illegal. They tried to get above the level playing field that the NCAA had set. Their punishment was extremely serious, and called â€Å"The Death Penalty†. â€Å"They lost 55 scholarships, had their 1987 season cancelled, pulled from live television, and banned from postseason play until 1989. And obviously, since they are still in the Conference USA, they haven't recovered since. â€Å"(Yahoo â€Å"Penalty 4†) The rules are made for a reason, and should always be followed. In another example, The University of Southern California, or known as USC, received a letter of investigation concerning Reggie Bush and his time at USC. He had knowingly received benefits from an outside source. NBC reporter Greg Beachem stated, â€Å"A two-year bowl ban, four years’ probation, loss of scholarships and forfeits of an entire year’s games for improper benefits to Heisman Trophy winner Reggie Bush dating to the Trojans’ 2004 national championship. † As you can tell, he received benefits from some sort of person who won’t be questioned for who he is, because he doesn’t have a name like Reggie Bush does. There were also had noticed that the rule changes that were mentioned earlier were a major part in fixing the rules for players to make money. For instance, Title IX states that all men and women must have an equal amount of scholarships. That may sound just fine, but the truth is, there is no â€Å"Women's Football†. So that's 85 scholarships that have to be evened out to women. If Title IX disregarded football, then that rule would be completely fine. Plus, there are 2 sports that generate revenue for an athletic program. That would be men's football, and men's basketball. So it's up to those teams to pay for the entire athletic department. This also shows how players shouldn't be paid. If only two different sports make money for an entire team, what are the reasons that they should be paying players, when that team may want to use the money for other additions to the campus? Plus, if you left the rich schools to pay for players to come, then a smaller school like Texas Christian University, or Boise State University, wouldn't ever earn any big time players. Teams like Texas University, Ohio State University, Michigan University, (other rich D1 schools), would buy out all the players, and leave everyone in the dust. The 2nd argument, that players don't need to be paid, is also a biased argument. Finding information on this rule is very tough, because all search engines bring up many blogs about people's opinions and those aren't credible. I've noticed that some people think that rule changes are needed, and some say that the whole rule should be abolished, and all athletes should be paid. With my personal knowledge of secrecy and how people can secretly hide items of interest, some students would possibly work at Pizza Hut, have a boosters guy order a $10 dollar pizza and leave a $500 dollar tip. We all know that that's not right to do, but some regulations need to be lifted. If you let college athlete’s work within the school, such as in the cafeteria, or the library, the NCAA could possibly monitor the earnings they make. It's possible that if they worked at a Pizza Hut, or a Taco Bell, they could make sure that the NCAA has some sort of access to see the paycheck they earn and make sure it makes it to the bank account. Depending on how big the college is, depends on how the school will be corrupted more. For example, at Capital University, the cost for a year is $33,210 for a full-time undergraduate year, including room, board, etc. Now, if that is compared to the University of Southern California, their tuition is $56,813 per year, including room, board, etc. (USC 2011 estimations) The difference here is, Capital is a Division III school, and has an extremely lower school population than a school like USC. USC has a population of â€Å"15,600 undergraduates as well as a staggering 15,224 graduate students† (USC College Admission). At Capital, you get a smaller amount of TV Time, if not any, while USC is making a large amount of money and getting TV Time every week. If you have to pay players that play for a college that can’t afford to do it, like Capital University, many small colleges will be taken out of athletics, and will be losing scholarships. To add on, it's not like these athletes have to spend their built-up savings account to go play football. They get to use all the money they saved up to go earn an education in college, to buy what they want. They may not get any more money to spend, but the rough $30,000 that would be in their bank account should be enough if they’re not paying a penny for the classes they have, the meals, their dorm, and their textbooks. Plus, if they’re at a big-time school, like Ohio State, or Texas University, then they especially wouldn’t have to pay the $35,000 that a semester of college costs. But my point isn’t completely set in stone because colleges shouldn’t pay players, but some rule changes need to be made, as I will talk about later. NCAA rules state that if you’re an athlete, you can’t work. When you read that rule, you think of the â€Å"big-name athletes† like Cam Newton or Terrelle Pryor, that have full- rides to play football. But, there’s always the people who have half-year scholarships, or are considered walk-ons, that also can’t work. To add on, I believe that if you aren’t being paid in that season/year, you should be allowed to work. The full-ride scholars are being paid to play football, and getting a free education, while half-scholarship athletes and walk-on athletes are not allowed to work, and are being forced to pay their education. When you go on to any college website, you will find a link to go to something about financial aid, so it’s not like nobody is out to help. To talk about rules are a different story, and it needs to be addressed. To define what the NCAA calls a Professional Team, â€Å"is if it declares itself to be professional or provides any player more than actual and necessary expenses for participation on the team. † (NCAA Guide 10) The NCAA-made pamphlet answers all questions to the rules that I’ve mentioned. It states rules for students who are in Division I or Division II schools, such as Division 1 student-athletes aren’t allowed to accept a salary, while Division II student-athletes are permitted to do so. Division II teams can enter a contract with a professional team, while Division I teams can’t. Do these rules sound fair? I have to say yes, because Division II teams don’t get any TV Time. If a team has some TV Time, it increases their stock value to play in the NFL. There are also some rules that apply to both Division I and Division II teams. For example, Division I and II teams can’t receive benefits from an agent, or enter an agreement with an agent. The reason that this rule is made is because agents would have the most contact with an athlete, and would be able to obtain money from a boosters guy and the athlete would illegally receive the money. If the rule was changed so that sanctions would be softer on the crime, or players being paid was made legal, the rich schools would become the ultimate powerhouses, and the other schools would become obsolete, like what was discussed earlier. These big schools, like Texas or USC would take over college football and leave teams like TCU or Boise State behind. When you decide to pay players on a two-sport revenue generator, you have to decide who you’re going to pay, how much you’ll pay them, when you’ll pay them, and decide about which players don’t get paid. An offensive lineman may not get paid, and he makes the running back or the quarterback look like he carries the team. Does he deserve to get paid over the quarterback? The final thought that goes with this paper is, if we paid student-athletes, should we pay every sport, and if we do, do we give an equal amount to each player? You find your own opinion on the matter.

Edgar Degas Research

Edgar Degas was both a man and an artist of contradictions. The French artist, paint err, and sculptor Edgar Degas was born on July 19, 1834 in Paris, France. Degas died September 27, 1917 in Paris, France. Degas is associated historically with the Impressionists because of his concentration on scenes of contemporary life and he never painted outdoors and rarely depicted landscape and also his desire to capture the transitory moment. Degas surpassed other impressionists in compositional sense; his use of vibrant expressive color became his primary concern in his late works. Degas was one of the first to understand and creatively use the new pictorial possibilities offered by photography and Japanese prints. With that being said, in describing the physical characteristics of one of Degas’s most famous still life paintings, was titled â€Å"Woman with Chrysanthemums†, painted in the year 1865. The medium used was oil on canvas and the scale was 29†x 361/2†. The subject is a female figure depicted sitting at the right side of a table with a bouquet of flowers in the center and also a glass pitcher of water with gloves placed beside the glass pitcher. The painting is objective, and it is because the huge bouquet of flowers opens the viewer’s eye and draws one into the still life painting dominating almost overshadowing the figure. As an artist Degas utilized several major elements of art in his still life famous painting, â€Å"Woman with Chrysanthemums†, therefore, one of the major elements utilized was use Lines. Degas utilized lines in his painting of the table and the open window at the right side of the painting. A second element of art utilized in this painting was the use Color. Degas uses bright spots of color in the bouquet, yellow, red, and specifically white, mostly the general coloring of the painting was subdued, with shades of brown being the predominate coloring. Degas utilized a third element of art being Space. Degas captured the look of Japanese prints and influenced Degas’s painting, as Japanese also is the shallowness of the space, accented by the flowered wallpaper to the left of the picture. A fourth major element utilized in Degas’s â€Å"Woman with Chrysanthemums† described is use Mass. The artist utilized mass with the fullness of the massive bouquet of flowers. Degas utilized the element of texture brilliantly in his rendering of the colorful bouquet of mums. In describing how Degas organized the elements with the principles of design, firstly, unity and variety is utilized with the consistency of color throughout the painting. The mass bouquet of flowers dominates the center, the flowered wall paper behind the table and the flowers that are seen through the open window on the right of the painting. Utilizing another one of the elements of art and principles of design, Degas utilized Balance in this particular painting. Degas placed the woman figure at the far right where she occupies less than a third of the composition, her body cut in half by the picture’s edge. The mass of flowers dominates the center, and the glass pitcher and the lady’s gloves casually tossed on the table, help to balance the composition, which in turn acts as a visual foil to the figure. Emphasis is utilized in the painting as Degas captured the visual appearance, an impression of the inner mood of the woman staring off in to space, her cheek resting on her hand, looking as though she is lost in reflection and unaware of the encroaching bouquet of Chrysanthemums. Directional Forces utilized are using the implied lines for the viewer’s eye to follow the beautiful colors throughout the painting. Also, another way the artist utilized elements with the principles would be through Contrast. The difference between the artist’s use of light and dark throughout his painting. In describing how Degas organized the elements with the principles of design, Repetition and Rhythm with the vivid colors of the flowers flow through and gives the composition unity. Moving along describing the organized elements with the principles of design, scale and proportion, in which the figure of the woman compared to the enormous still life. Degas was influenced by the Impressionist during his time, and also he had formed some friendships. Most importantly Edgar Degas was highly influenced by the Japanese prints and photography. He also carried over the Japanese influence and used the symbolic flower of Japan, once known as The Land of Chrysanthemums in his paintings. Furthermore, Degas created many daring compositional innovations. His study of Japanese prints led him to experiment with unusual visual lines and asymmetrical compositions. His subjects would often seem cropped at the edges, or seemed to appear to be accidental cutoff views and off-centered subjects, as in Woman with Chrysanthemums. Moreover, Degas’s content and meaning of the selection was the woman in the painting staring off into space, her cheek resting on her hand, lost in deep thought unaware of the dominating bouquet of Chrysanthemums. In conclusion, Edgar Degas’s painting of â€Å"Woman with Chrysanthemums† was chosen because of its unusual and unique composition. Also, the unusually unbalanced painting made curiosity prevail. The asymmetrical principle of design and accidental cutoff views were intriguing as to why Edgar Degas painted as he once did long ago. Personally liking Chrysanthemums and beautiful bouquets of flowers made the painting easy to choose for the essay. Edgar Degas truly was both a man and an artist of contradictions.