Zero Dark Thirty and Torture

The Benefits of Torture Over the decades, people have viewed torture has horrifying. Inhumane, and excessive. In the movie, Zero Dark Thirty, directed by Kathy Biggest, it was mainly used for interrogations to obtain information from the detainees about certain people. In the film, there are many scenes that display the superficial layers of enhanced interrogation and gives the viewers an automatic response that torture is bad.While many viewers see that enhanced interrogation has many bad aspects, did they ever wonder about the good ones? How it helped to save many lives? How it helped to kill Osama bin Laden? Why it's needed to prevent further troubles? Did people ever consider the role of the torturer who suffers from conducting the acts? With much speculation, this topic has become an intriguing argument. Without changing the side of the viewer, what people must understand is that although our society perceives the thought of torture as being violent and unjustifiable, there are actually good parts to It.For example, If the affiliates of terrorists are being interrogated, aren't speaking, and have plans to bomb certain places but you don't now when, it seems necessary to use some form of action to make them feel vulnerable enough to speak because as an interrogator, one is being pressured to get the information as soon as possible to prevent any plots. Despite all the details regarding the bad aspects of enhanced interrogation, it should be reconsidered by society to ruminate the good points. Torture allows higher authorities to obtain information in a more efficient way.In the movie, Zero Dark Thirty, Dan was able to successfully attain bits and bits of information that would soon lead to Osama bin Laden. He used many methods such as hanging his extended arms to the ceiling while standing, playing loud music, depraving the subject of food and water, weatherboarding, humiliation, threatening, light effects. And putting the victim in a box. With the use of t hese methods, Dan did succeed in getting Intel from the detainee, which is why torture is useful and beneficial especially when it helps to save many lives.From the book, The Phenomenon of Torture, William Schulz mentions that â€Å"prolonged constraint or exertion, sustained deprivation of food or sleep, etc. Often becomes patterns to which a subject adjusts by becoming apathetic ND withdrawing into himself, in search of escape from the discomfort and tension† and as a result, when the interrogators use those techniques of deprivation, it could be used to lower the person's physiological resistance which will then lower the person's psychological capacity to the point where the subject withdraws.Just making the subject withdraw or talk Implies more than that, It's about power and Imposing one's will on another. One side Is absolutely powerful while the other coerced party Is totally powerless and undependable. One side can ask and answer, act and react,

CBT and Multi Cultural Influence

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in contrast to many other therapeutic frameworks has both an explicit rationale and an empirically demonstrable success rate. In addition to the wealth of published case histories there are a plethora of controlled studies attesting to the efficacy of CBT interventions with an equally diverse range of psychological and behavioral conditions. (Emmelkamp et al 1992). Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of therapy that aims to help a person manage their problems by changing how they think and act. It is a problem solving approach which recognizes that clients have a behavioral difficulty rather than that they are a behavioral problem. It encourages them to talk about how they think in relation to themselves, the world, other people and how what they do affects their thoughts and feelings. CBT can help to change how a person thinks (‘cognitive’) and what they do (‘behavior’), thus helping them to manage difficulties and feel better about life. Unlike most psychotherapies which only work with talk and reflections, CBT regards behavioral acts as primary. Treatment involves clients engaging in personal behavioral experiments, ‘practice makes perfect. ’ For many behaviorally based problems such as phobias obsessive compulsive disorder bulimia and the like there simply is no substitute for this way of working. Direct behavioral experience is often the most effective medium for articulating change. Action, that is, sometimes speaks far louder than words. To benefit fully from CBT, clients need to be committed to the process, maintain any homework agreed such as keeping a diary or undertaking experiments/challenges jointly agreed and/or decided upon between client and counsellor. It can help the client make sense of overwhelming problems by breaking them down into smaller parts. The outcomes of homework are reviewed and feelings discussed at each subsequent session. Most importantly CBT is a collaborative and empowering process in which the client is an active participant. Autonomy: respect for the client’s right to be self-governing BACP Ethical Framework for Good Practice in Counselling & Psychotherapy. A principal goal of this collaborative process is to help clients effectively define problems and gain skills in managing these problems. As in other therapies, CBT also uses other elements of the therapeutic relationship, such as rapport, genuineness, understanding, and empathy. The number of sessions required varies greatly depending on the presenting issues/problems and objectives, sessions usually lasting from anywhere between six weeks to six months. The client is helped to see how their thoughts and behavior relate to the way they feel, how this might contribute to the problems being experienced and that it is not the situation itself making them unhappy, but how they think about and react to it. CBT can help clients find ways to change thought patterns and behavior and to solve problems and anxieties better, but it cannot remove the problems. The skills learnt within CBT are useful, practical and helpful strategies that once learnt can be incorporated into an individual’s life to help them handle difficult situations better when future stresses and difficulties arise. However there is always a risk that the bad feelings associated with the clients problem return, but with CBT skills it should be easier for them to control these. Even after the client is feeling better and sessions have ended, it is important to emphasis the need to practice the skills acquired. CBT focuses on the individual’s capacity to change themselves their thoughts, feelings and behaviors it can help to manage problems, such as anxiety and depression, so they are less likely to have a negative impact on their life. However because of its structured nature, it may not be suitable for people who have more complex mental health needs or learning difficulties. Some critics argue that because the therapy only addresses current problems and focuses on very specific issues, it does not address the possible underlying causes of mental health conditions, such as an unhappy childhood. Neither does it address wider problems in systems or families that often have a significant impact on an individual’s health and well-being. Research has shown that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be as successful as medicine in treating many types of depression and other mental health disorders it can be completed in a relatively short time compared with other talking therapies and because it is highly structured, CBT can be provided in a number of different formats such as through computer programs, groups and self-help books. Some research suggests that CBT may be better than antidepressants at preventing the return of depression. It is thought to be one of the most effective treatments for anxiety and depression. When considering the significance and use of Cognitive Behavior Therapy within therapeutic practice (as with any other modality used) it is necessary to consider the impact/context within todays multi-cultural society. Awareness of Multiculturalism provides a fourth dimension to the three traditional helping orientations psychodynamic, existential-humanistic and cognitive. All learning occurs and identities are formed within a persons cultural context. Cultural identity is dynamic and ever changing in todays society. Understanding the cultural and socio-political context of a client's behavior is essential to accurate assessment, interpretation and treatment. It is imperative as counsellors to have and maintain increased self-awareness, as an essential starting point in developing multicultural competence. The appropriate application of skills in multicultural settings depends on both cultural awareness and relevant knowledge of the counsellor. ‘it is incumbent upon the individual practitioner to be knowledgeable about his or her own multicultural reality in order to use that information effectively in work with clients of various ethnicities, genders, ages, socioeconomic classes, religions, sexual orientation, differing abilities, and with those who use different languages’ Baldwin 2nd ed (2000 pg 167) Recognizing the importance of the many variables within modern day society such as, ethnicity, nationality, religion, variables such as age, gender and place of residence status variables such as social, educational and economic, and affiliations including both formal affiliations to organizations or families and informal affiliations to ideas and a lifestyle is essential to the effectiveness of any counselling therapy. It takes a olistic and intuitive approach to work within todays multi-cultural society, respecting that each person has many different cultures or identities with each identity becoming relevant at different times and places. One example worthy of consideration is metaphors, clients often use metaphors within therapy, recognizing that metaphors are and can be culturally bound and reflective of particular values, for example ’time is money,’ is an important consideration when working with clients. Implicit in their use are models of perception, thus the phrase ‘things are looking up’ not only conveys the message that things are improving but also reflects the idea that ‘up’ is good. The identification of the color black with bad things is frequently used metaphorically, in a way which reflects and reinforces the negative connotation given to all people and things black. The power of metaphors derives from the models which they provide for understanding, thinking and communicating about the world. Multiculturalism emphasizes both the way we are different from and similar to other people and is a situation in which all the different cultural or racial groups in a society have equal rights and opportunities, and none is ignored or regarded as unimportant. Thus avoiding discrimination, whilst also appreciating the difference and diversity between people. Justice; the fair and impartial treatment of all clients and the provision of adequate services BACP Ethical Framework for Good Practice in Counselling & Psychotherapy. Culture provides an adult/child with a particular way of look at the world, thus emphasizing some tendencies to the development of schemas and or rules and assumptions. In some countries the culture is still quite autocratic and male dominated, therefore leading to ideas about the importance of men, yet others are characterized as competitive and or oppressive. All these factors will affect a clients personality and ways of functioning. As we become more of a multi-cultural society culture becomes an even greater factor in the therapeutic relationship today and worthy of much care and consideration. According to Beck et al. (1979) clients tend to suffer from a ‘cognitive triad’ of negative beliefs, which includes negative beliefs about themselves, the world in general and their future. Beck also outlines three more components of his theory of depression, including automatic thoughts, schemas and logical errors. Margaret Hough 2nd ed (2002 pg,139) A central focus of Beck’s work with clients is to helping them change their faulty cognitions, including expectations and beliefs, by enlisting the clients participation as a colleague and equal rather than one of superior (counsellor) and inferior (client). The counsellors role is that of teacher and a role model of positive healthy behavior, rather than that of expert, therefore this approach should work well when working with muti-cultural cliental and because of the structured nature of CBT it is a positive approach that bares tangible effective evidence to encourage a client to tackle the presenting problem. Although CBT does not look specifically at a clients past it does help a client to look more realistically at their outdated beliefs or schemas ( I am unloveable or I am worthless) often errors in thinking picked up in childhood and early life. As counsellors/therapists it is however necessary to have in ones mind and consider client ethnicity during the various phases of therapy, however typically I believe if we are to maintain equality, we do not directly need to address ethnicity or ethnic differences in therapy sessions unless it is clearly part of the presenting problem, but maintaining an awareness to a persons ethnic origin and differences is essential for good practice. That said, this modality (CBT) would also be extremely useful in highlighting not only unchallenged beliefs and or rules, (typically rigid over inclusive, impossible to attain) but cultural differences, logical errors in thinking picked up in early life that no longer benefit or support the clients desired way of functioning. Because the approach is directive and highly structured it involves asking clients detailed and specific questions about their current feelings, whilst also identifying any automatic thoughts, thus enabling them in becoming ware of how they think about a problem, how it affects them physically and or emotionally and what they can do to alter the outcome. When a client see the sequence clearly change is possible. By encouraging the client to look at particular situations that disturb or upset them important information is elicited so that problems can be clarified from the beginning of therapy with objectives being set accordingly. The highly active, directive an d educational nature of cognitive behavior therapy serves to show clients how they disturb themselves and what they can do to change attitudes and or beliefs for themselves that no longer work. When clients become aware that they are able change themselves feelings of empowerment become evident and rapid progress is made. CBT is, as previously mentioned time limited and because of this clients develop a definite sense of purpose and awareness relating to their progress, coping strategies and developing self-help skills. Curwen et al (2000) stress the importance of empathy in the relationship, Margaret Hough 2nd ed (2002) this is essential to building trust and a genuine rapport given that the work could be extremely challenging.

Logic According to Husserl Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Logic According to Husserl - Essay Example It helped us to predict the existence of certain things which were unknown to us earlier. Husserl defined logic in a different manner. He has attached various dimensions to logic in order to analyze it comprehensively. According to Husserl â€Å"Logic is the science of science† (Husserl p.8). This paper analyses the arguments of Husserl with respect to logic and transcendental logic along with his criticisms against formal logic. â€Å"Logic, as Husserl sees it, is concerned in the first place with meanings (propositions, concepts) and with associated meaning-instantiating acts. Most importantly, it is concerned with that sort of deductively closed collection of meanings which constitutes a scientific theory†(Corazzon). In other words, Husserl pointed out that logic helps us to deduce certain scientific theories which were unknown to us earlier. He has pointed out that science has no existence without logic. All scientific theories were evolved out of logical thinking. For example, we assume that electrons revolve around certain nucleus in which protons and neutrons are located. This scientific theory is formulated based on logic rather than experimental conclusions. The stability of an atom can be explained only with the help of such an atom model described above. In other words, logic helped us to device a new scientific theory. ... For example, until recent times, science educated us that no object can move faster than light. However, some of the recent scientific discoveries are pointing towards the existence of a particle which is capable of moving much rapidly than light. Many of the basic scientific theories such as Einstein’s relativity theory may undergo modifications because of the new discovery. In other words, logic and science need not provide us correct explanations always. â€Å"The central position of the theory of judgement in the total problematic of formal logic is due to material as well as historic grounds†(Husserl and Landgrebe, p. 12). For example, we predict the arrival of different seasons based on historic facts. Historically, December is the coldest month at many parts of the world. So, people always expect December to be the coldest month in coming years also. Formal logic forces us to think in that manner. However, because of global warming problems, climate changes are t aking place everywhere in the world. Unexpected rains and droughts are taking place everywhere now. Under such circumstances, it is quite possible that the coming months of December may not be as cold as it before. In other words, formal logic may not provide us true information always. â€Å"Formal logic does not inquire into the differences in the mode of pre-givenness of objects. It enquires only into the conditions of self-evident judging†(Husserl and Landgrebe, p. 21). It should be noted that formal logic is the self-interpretation of reasons and therefore it is highly subjective. No two individuals are alike either physically or intellectually. Because of the differences in intelligence, different people formulate reasons differently. For

Stateless nation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Stateless nation - Essay Example 28). For this study, we will look into Taiwan. â€Å"The state should culturally be aware of itself as a discrete body and with a discrete civic structure† (Storm, Carsten, and Harrison, p. 8). For centuries, the people of Taiwan have lived with no freedom that is they live by the ordeal of a colonial people (Richard, p. 17). They were not given the opportunity to govern themselves. Taiwan population consisted of refugees, pirates, colonizers and colonizers who migrated to the island from different origins. Due to this, every individual or group that moved into the area have they are own believes, goals and visions. Therefore, the people who lived there had no identity that prevented them from fighting for their rights (Yasutomo, p.34). Taiwan contains many influences that are non-china. The republican government controls them. Taiwan is referred to as a ‘rebelling province’ by the government of rival People’s Republic of china. They are considered to be rebelling against the rightful government of united china. Due to the non-china influences received from the region, Taiwanese can refer as a rebelling province (Minahan, p.

Survey Data analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Survey Data analysis - Coursework Example A large majority (94%) of the students work and of these, 83% were sponsored by their organizations to study at the college. The level in an organization at which most of these worked at can be defined in the following graph. Of these working students, 9% have worked 0 years in HR, 17% have worked 1-1.5 years, 18% worked 2-2.5 years, 13% worked 3-3.5 years, 6% worked 4-4.5 years while 35% have worked 5 years and more. This shows an equal distribution in the work experience of the students. 8% of the people work in organizations that employ 50 employees or less, 17% in organizations with employees between 50 and 200 while a large majority of 66% works in organizations that employs more than 500 employees. This shows greater orientation of larger organization employees to join HR courses at ARU. Furthermore, 49% of the working students are employed in organizations with HR departments that have 10 or less employees. 34% of the working students are in organizations with HR employees between 11 and 50 and 14% are in organizations with more than 50 HR employees. 3 respondents did not answer the question. 57% of the working students work for the private sector, 35% in the public sector, 7% for non-profits and 1% for university. 35% of the working students study less than 5 hours per week while 57% study 5 hours or more. The students were also questioned about when they study. Majority of the students studied on weekends and the second most popular time was study in the evenings. The following figure displays the common responses and their frequency. Students were also questioned about what library timings they preferred. 22% wanted the timing on the weekends to be extended, 37% wanted the 24 hour model while 31% were satisfied with the original timings. This shows that the majority wanted more flexibility with regard to their study timings in the library. Students

Develop a Research Repository web Application tool Essay

Develop a Research Repository web Application tool - Essay Example The architecture will employ 3-tier where there will be the user end, business logic end and the server end. The user-end will have a system that will enable the users to access the repository. The server end will have a database which will be used to store the research materials. The database will make use of Oracle 11g. There will be a connection of these applications so that the application connects to the database (Brian, 2007). Access to the application and to the database will be achieved using web interface. The application that is used will be the browser that the users are using. There will be security of the system so that not everybody will access the system. The restriction will be differentiated so that there are restrictions for the outsiders and restrictions for members. The restrictions for outsiders will be that these users will not access the whole system completely. This is because the users will access only the parts that are of interest to them. The system admini strators and the IT staff will have the privileges that will enable them to access most of the tools and places in the system. They are tasked with maintaining the system and they need to access the whole system. There will be a user interface that will allow this access to be implemented. From the description, there is the back-end of the system and also the front-end. The back-end represents the database and the server. The back-end will be operated upon by the administrators of the system. There are times that the database will fail. There is therefore a need to ensure that it is restored back to work (Brian, 2007). With the new system, users and researchers will be required to fill in forms that will describe the research work they are interested in and send it to the system. The work that the researcher is interested in will be searched in the database. The research work that will be submitted will be approved by the staff and then approved to be added to the database. The arti cles that are added to the system will be categorized based on their nature. Detailed analysis of the tool Most of the requests will be made to the server by users. This will mean that the requests will be made through a web based system. There will be an internet connection that will help to connect the users and the server end part of the system. Without this connection, the connection and the access will not be made possible. The application that will handle all the requests will be developed using the C# programming language. This will reside in the server part of the web-based system. There are possibilities to have connections in Visual Studio either to databases or web services. The connection to the end users will be done through web service connection and the services to the back-end part of the system will be done using database connectivity. The database that will be used is Oracle 11g. The architecture in diagram 1 shows that the server and database are running on the se rver end of the system. Figure 1: Basic architecture The connection of the database and the application will be done using the functionality of the Visual Studio 2010. There is a tool that enables Visual Studio to connect to data that are from any source. When using Visual Studio, there is a tool that is used to create a connection. All connections have the same members. The property that will be used in the connection is that of ConnectionString property. This property has a

Code of Conduct Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Code of Conduct - Essay Example Kennedy, Hydon and Lennie (2008) indicate that, a majority of the business leaders are well conversant with the need to put ethics into practice in the organization. In the contemporary business world, most leaders have made numerous attempts to incorporate ethics in the business. This case study shall aim at discussing how the code of conduct within organizations influences or conflict with ethics of today’s leaders. The essay shall also go beyond investigating the implications of business ethics in speeding up the successful operations of business organizations, and also use the example of Professional Code in the educational setting. Incorporation of ethics in the organizations has been credited for its ability to discourage unethical behavior in organizations. For instance, the leaders can be in a better situation to handle tough situations that may force them to breach the terms and conditions of the organizations. Organizations in today’s contemporary world are so undeniable, in such a manner that, leaders’ attention to follow up ethics is almost diminished. With the inclusion of stringent measures on ethics, the organization tends to be in an easier position to evaluate the right and wrong in the organization. ... In this perspective, therefore, the leaders must incorporate ethical behavior in the organization, in an endeavor, to eliminate the chances that, unethical behavior is likely to stamp it implications on the organization. According to Cane and Kritzer (2010), if unethical behaviors are not detected and eliminated with immediate effect, they are likely to derail the progress of an organization. Code of conducts in this case, influence today’s leaders to maintain the ethical behaviors within an organization. The leaders are also influenced to ensure that, they positively impact their organizations on the importance of the employees to follow the codes of conduct. It is important that, according to Cane and Kritzer (2010), organizations make it clear that, organizations to operate within the confines of the codes of conduct. It is, therefore, defensible to argue that, codes of conduct influence leaders to at all times, ensure that constructive and ethical culture thrives in the or ganizations. In the case of the organization, the leaders attest to the fact that, it is unethical to collect bribes whilst on duty. The leaders are influenced by the fact that, the definitions of good and bad are well stipulated in the codes of ethics. Vices such as nepotism, corruption are eliminated by the inclusion of codes of ethics in the organization. A leader, who is of good morals is motivated to ensure that the employees work in tandem with the code of conduct, thus their values of good virtue are boosted. Deckop (2006) indicates that, unethical behavior is the major malady that may impact the organization’s functionality. Code of Professional Practice in the Educational Sector In the educational sector, the Code of Professional Practice applies to all instructors in the confines

Hepatitis C virus in Africa (focus on Ethiopia) Research Paper - 1

Hepatitis C virus in Africa (focus on Ethiopia) - Research Paper Example after a series of tests and the discovery of the Hepatitis c virus was published in the journal Science the following year (Bailey 105).this paper will elaborate on Hepatitis C virus in Africa , discuss its signs, symptoms vaccination and treatment. This was a significant discovery in the medical world and led to the improvement of related areas such as diagnosis of hepatitis as well as antiviral treatment against the disease. The research on hepatitis is an ongoing process and scientists are still trying to learn more about the virus in a bid to find a way to effectively eliminate it form the world (Fisher, Harvey & Champe 362). The discovery of the virus led to a clear baseline on which research could be done having determined the subject of their studies and this has greatly improved the chances of the medical world at fighting the virus. The significance of this discovery was portrayed in the year 200 when Dr. Houghton and Dr. Alter received honors from the Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research in recognition of the role they played in the discovery of the hepatitis C virus (Halliday, Klenerman & Barnes 634). Hepatitis C can be described as an infectious disease that primarily affects the liver of an individual and in bad cases leading to cirrhosis (Thomas & Lemon 530). The disease is caused by the Hepatitis C virus, and if not handled effectively, the disease can lead to liver cancer, esophageal and gastric varices and liver failure. The spread of the Hepatitis C virus occurs mainly through blood-to-blood contact and thus those who use intravenous drugs face the highest risk of being infected (Bailey 101). This occurs when the equipment used during the intravenous intake are not properly cleaned and sterilized beforehand and have previously been used by an individual with the virus (Fisher, Harvey & Champe 362). The virus tends to persist in the liver of most people who are infected though this condition can be treated via medication. Hepatitis C has

Assisted Suicide Essay Example for Free

Assisted Suicide Essay Often labeled compassionate, according to the columnist for the Wall Street Journal, Joni Eareckson Tada, legalized assisted suicide or euthanasia is really a deadly double standard for those with severe disabilities, both conditions that are labeled terminal and those that are not. She seems to be of the opinion that euthanasia should never be considered an option no matter how severe or subjective suffering the person is facing. In the article, Tada claims that legalization of euthanasia, â€Å"sends a clear message that a person with a disability may not have a life worth living† (1). She touches on euthanasia in The Nethlands and Belguium . She stands for a powerful example of a person with this depilating condition, in this case quadriplegia, can accomplish in spite of her condition. However this is somewhat of a bias perspective because it implies that she has put a measure on the subjective pain this condition and similar to it entails. There should be certain conditions set in order to qualify for euthanasia so that it is an option for people who want it but we can also make a system to prevent people from misusing it. We were granted free will which includes the right to end our life when we chose. There does not need to be this all or nothing attitude towards assisted suicide and the disabled. Tada argues, â€Å"this ruling sends a clear message that a person with disability may not have a life worth living†(1). This law would bring nothing but a choice for the terminally ill. There are some disabilities that are incurable and cause tremendous suffering. They should not all fall under one umbrella. Andrew Btiva wrote in his article, Disability and physician-assisted suicide, â€Å"We do not believe that the right to assisted suicide is premised on a diminished quality of life for people with disabilities. It is based on respect for the autonomy of terminally ill individuals during their final days. It does not deny people with disabilities suicide prevention services, protection against murder, or protection from other abuses†(1). Tada is very bias in this article claiming that it would take away the disability will to live and go against their advocacy to have hope and live. When a person comes disabled and loses control in many ways, this in fact just gives them something that they can control. There are defiantly some factors that should qualify for a person requesting assisted suicide. They should be terminally ill with no hope of recovery and  in great physical pain. If it were legalized the disabled population would be majority of the prospect’s. I don’t believe that all disabled should qualify automatically as Tada argues in her article claiming that if legalized all disabled including children and obese would qualify for assisted suicide as an option. Tada states, â€Å"Society’s moral and unwritten law has always led us to save our children-and certainly not allow them to destroy themselves†(2). I do agree that children should ever be considered for assisted suicide unless they are in dire suffering with no hope of recovery. Tada argues, â€Å" a child lacks the mental, emotional and psychological maturity to make such a decision about death†(2). I completely agree with this but if you had your child suffering and in a vegetative state with no chance of recovery wouldn’t you want to put them out of their misery? We don’t let animals suffer so why let humans? My aunt had a very full life at 52 she found out that she had pancriaic cancer and after she went to the doctor twice she was informed that she had nothing more than IBS. I had advised her that she should get further checked out. And in June of 2010 she went to the doctor with horrible pain in her stomach and after many tests she was informed that she was diagnosed with stage 4 pancreatic cancer. At that point she was also told that she would not be able to get the surgery to remove it because it was at the lower end of the pancreas where it would be more difficult and could pass from the operation. She was told she could do Chemotherapy. After doing 6 month of intensive pain ridden sessions she realized that she didn’t want to do that any more. Even tho she did not want to end her life she did request that when she was no longer responsive in the hospital that she have the ability to be taken home for the rest of her time. It was only then that the doctors were very opposed to us taking her from the hospital. Not caring that it was her request that she not suffer the were not willing to let us take her home. Before her death she wanted to die at home with dignity. She didn’t want to be in the hospital. She truly believed that it would have been harder on the family to take care of her and she her like that she wanted to stay beautiful and not have her loved ones remember her as a â€Å"vegitable† laying in a hospital bed. This can be a really slippery slope. Who decides for the children or senile women? I truly The person requesting needs to  mentally stable and there needs to be safeguards against any family or doctors so as not to persuade the person in to euthanasia  projects in her article Let’s make a distinchin are qualifier. Terminal and suffering ,incurable, if theres a huge financial burden. Depression and mental

Native Americans- Minority Role Essay Example for Free

Native Americans- Minority Role Essay Power and Minority Group Position: The Case of Native Americans Majority/Minority group relations can be illustrated by studying the role of power and how it is distributed between groups. The majority, or group that wields the most power, directly affects the circumstances for the minority. In most cases power struggle leads to racial and ethnic inequality. This scenario describes the case of the Native Americans. Since the arrival of the Europeans in 1492 the Native American has systematically been dehumanized, decivilized and redefined into terms that typify a subordinate or minority role, restricted life opportunities persist today as a result (Farley, 2000). When European settlers arrived on American shores to settle a New World, around 7 million Native Americans had been settled in the wilderness north of present-day Mexico for some time. It is believed that the first Native Americans arrived during the last Ice Age, approximately 20,000 30,000 years ago, by crossing the Bering Strait from northeastern Siberia into Alaska. Over thousands of years, spiritual kin-based communities had survived by living off the land and bartering goods. Their diversity was reflected by their societies, which ranged from small, mobile bands of hunter-gatherers in the Great Basin to temple-mound builders in the Southeast (DiBacco, 1995). The encounter of early explorers with the people of the Americas would ultimately set in motion the destruction of long existing Native American life and culture. Engrained into the minds of the Europeans were prejudiced images and stereotypes of the Native Americans, which we struggle still today to eradicate. From the 1490s to the 1590s, Europeans pushed inward across America from both coasts. Encounters with these settlers attracted many Native Americans toward European goods, but their attitudes toward the newcomers themselves depended greatly on previous experiences (Farley, 2000). In most cases, the early explorers found the Native American peoples to be friendly and generous. Columbus was immediately struck by the peaceful, generous nature of the Taino. The Taino society was highly organized around a patriarchal hierarchy and distinguished by happiness and friendliness. Columbus frankly stated how surprised he had been to make friends with the Indians. He wrote, They are gentle and comely people. They are so naive and free with their possessions that no one who has not witnessed them would never believe it. When you ask for something they have, they never say no. To the contrary, they offer to share with anyone They willingly traded everything they owned (DiBacco, 1995) When the Europeans settlers started to arrive in the 16th- and 17th-centurys they too were met by Native Americans. The Natives regarded their white-complexioned visitors as something of a marvel, not only for their outlandish dress and beards and winged ships, but even more for their wonderful technology steel knives and swords, fire-belching arquebus and cannons, mirrors, hawkbells and earrings, copper and brass kettles, etc. (Jordan, 1991). Increased interaction led to the Indians becoming less self-sufficient and economically dependent on the whites. As the years went on, however, the natives began to realize that the Europeans had much more in mind than a few settlements. They began to realize that their entire way of life was under siege. By the time the truth occurred to them, however, it was probably already too late. Their bows and arrows were no match for the Europeans firearms, and their bodies could not defend against the foreign diseases (DiBacco, 1995). As the encroachment of settlers on Indian lands continued, so did the inevitable conflicts. To the Indians, the arriving Europeans seemed attuned to another world; they appeared oblivious to the rhythms and spirits of nature (Jordan, 1991). Nature to the Europeans was something of an obstacle, even an enemy, and these disrespectful attitudes were quite apparent to the Indians. The wilderness was also a commodity however: a forest was so many board feet of timber, a beaver colony so many pelts, a herd of buffalo so many hides (Jordan, 1991). The Europeans cultural arrogance and ethnocentrism, and their materialistic view of the land and its inhabitants were repulsive to the Indians. Europeans, overall, were regarded as something mechanical soulless creatures wielding diabolically ingenious tools and weapons to accomplish selfish ends (Jordan, 1991). Initial European impressions of the Native American population were formed by the descriptions of Columbus and other explorers. Although Columbus initially praised the Taino, crediting them with a very acute intelligence , he also provided an unfavorable view of Native Americans when he discussed the Carib Indians, who were said to be very fierce cannibals. This description set the stage for the long-enduring image of the hostile, savage Indian (Berkhofer, 1978). Another New World explorer, Amerigo Vespucci further established this imagery in his writings about the natives stating, The nations wage war upon one another without art or order. The elders by means of certain harangues of theirs bend the youths to their will and inflame them to wars in which they cruelly kill one another, and those whom they bring home captives from war they preserve, not to spare their lives, but that they may be slain for food; for they eat one another, the victors the vanquished, and among other kinds of meat human flesh is a common article of diet with them. Nay be the more assured of this fact because the father has already been seen to eat children and wife (Burkhofer, 1978). The recently developed printing press rapidly dispersed such images through both print and picture, and these representations became firmly etched in the minds of the Europeans (Bataille, 1980). Eventually, the Native Americans were considered subhuman and evil. The hope of civilizing the Indian was often expressed, but ultimately religion required the eventual submission of the Indians to white domination (Burkhofer, 1978) When colonies began to form in North America, the colonists wanted to create a world similar to the one they had left. The Indians were a major barrier to this progress and civilization. The colonists hoped the natives would embrace Christianity and become assimilated within the colonist society. When the Native Americans resisted, they, like the wilderness, became merely an obstacle in the colonists path. Because they would not conform to the European way of life, their destruction was inevitable. Because some justification was needed in order to wipe out the entire race, the stereotype of the bloodthirsty savage was solidified (Bataille, 1980). The Europeans were accustomed to owning land and claimed ownership of the new territory, justifying their actions with the fact that the Indians were nomads with no interest in owning any land. The conflicts led to many wars and various actions instituted by the Europeans in order to accomplish their objectives. The Indian tribes were at a great disadvantage during these wars because of their modest numbers, nomadic life, lack of advanced weapons, and unwillingness to cooperate, even in their own defense (Jordan, 1991). During the nineteenth century, the American Indians, by tradition a communal people, were forcibly separated from their native cultures and lands. By the mid-1840s most of the Native Americans east of the Mississippi River had been relocated to Indian Territory, as a result of President Andrew Jacksons Indian Removal Act of 1830. This act gave territory to Native Americans who agreed to reject their ancestral holdings. This act allowed the Indians to live on the declared territory indefinitely. Many refused to leave their homelands, however, engaging in battles destined to end in death and destruction. These Native Americans were subjected to numerous forms of violence, such as raping, scalping and lynching, among other acts (Zinn, 1980). The Europeans eventually stripped the Native Americans of most of their lands, and as the settlers pushed further west, the boundaries of the Indian Territory continued to shrink. As the wandering Indians encountered existing tribes and the designated Indian Territory became more crowded, conflicts over land and hunting rights ensued. The relocated Indians were often struck by famine, as buffalo and other game became scarce. The reduction of the overcrowded Indian reservations was continued as more white settlers arrived in America (Zinn, 1980). The building of the transcontinental railroad allowed for thousands of white setters to make their way across Indian Territory. Native Americans forced off their lands often starved on the poor land or died of diseases brought with the settlers from Europe. Indians were often pressured to sign treaties giving up land and agreeing to live on reservations. In return, the government vowed to provide the Indians with services and supplies (Todd, 1986). The white men did not uphold this promise, however. Most of the Native Americans were nomadic and nonagricultural, and all depended for survival on hunting the buffalo (Jordan, 1991). The settlers realized the usefulness of the buffalo hides and killed an estimated three million buffalo each year over a three-year period. The devastation of the buffalo was also devastating to the Indians (Jordan, 1991). Tensions were increased as Indians traveled outside reservation lines to hunt buffalo for survival. When government attempts at concentrating the Native Americans in reservations proved ineffective, many battles ensued between Indians and Americans. Because their designated land was insufficient, the Indians were forced to revolt in order to survive (Todd, 1986). Terribly disadvantaged, however, the Native Americans were not able to defend themselves against the settlers. Most American Indians saw themselves as citizens of sovereign Indian nations. In fact, during the first half of the 1800s, the U. S. government treated Indians who lived in tribes as members of separate nations. The federal government even negotiated formal treaties with them. All that changed in the latter half of the 1800s. The U. S.government began to look at Indians as wards or dependents instead of citizens of their own sovereign nations or citizens of the United States. In 1870, the Senate declared that the Fourteenth Amendment, which granted citizenship to African Americans, did not apply to American Indians who lived in tribes. In 1871, Congress stated that hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be recognized as an independent nation (DiBacco, 1995). In 1887, congress passed the Dawes Act, dividing both reservations and families. Indian families who agreed to live separate and apart from any tribe were given their own land to cultivate. After 25 years, the family would be granted both land and U. S. citizenship. This U. S. policy stressed Indian assimilation of the habits of civilized life through citizenship, education, and individual land ownership (DiBacco, 1995). Traditionally, Native Americans owned land through tribes and communities, as opposed to individually. The effort to individualize Indians and force them to forgo their tribal and traditional ways caused strife among tribal communities and provoked a growing Indian opposition (Zinn, 1980). Once again, however, the Indians suffered because the quality of their land was very poor, they were untrained at farming, and they lacked proper tools. Additionally, disease and malnutrition increased as common causes of death. Between 1887 and 1934, American Indian nations lost more than sixty percent of their land to the American federal government (Jordan, 1991). The end of the 19th century marked the end of the Indian Wars with an unprovoked massacre in 1890 during which Indian warriors, women, and children were slaughtered by U. S. cavalry at Wounded Knee (Jordan, 1991). In the end approximately 200 Native American men, women, and children had been killed (DiBacco, 1995). In the early twentieth century Indians continued to be the target of civilized assimilation efforts. In accordance with these efforts, the government funded Native American churches and schools. Education has been regarded as a primary tool in the cultural genocide, or assimilation, of Native Americans throughout history. Its overall effect severely diluted Native American culture with Christian European values and beliefs, but taught no Native American history (Keohane, 2003). The Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania, the Haskell Institute in Kansas, and the Chilocco Indian School in Oklahoma all sought to eradicate Indian languages and lifestyles. Native Americans from various areas were forced to send their children to such schools. Most were boarding schools where students would have no contact with their tribal homeland. Students were forced to adapt themselves to the culture of the colonists under a militarized system that enforced the use of the English language, English names, and Christian religion, while dismissing Native American cultures as uncivilized. Many of the students were even kept from their families during breaks as they were sent off to work under white families, still furthering their cultural immersion and strengthening the American economy. Kill the Indian and save the man was the Carlisle Schools motto (Keohane, 2003). During the first few decades of the 20th century, the gap between Indians and whites widened as Native Americans continued to find the thinking of white Americans illogical, and Federal officials continued to outlaw Indian religious practices. As assimilation efforts began to succeed, American Indians were reduced in the public eye to the status of ancient relics. For example, most citizens were unaware that ten thousand Indian men were serving in World War I or that educated Indians were becoming teachers, farmers, and ministers (Zinn, 1980). Many of the stereotypes of Native Americans originally created in Columbus time have carried over to contemporary society. This only solidified white attitudes about manifest destiny and the role of the Indian in North America. The bloodthirsty savage had become a staple of the popular dime novel and Wild West shows (Bataille,1980). By the time of World War I, the image of the ignorant, savage Native American was firmly established in popular film, which was greatly profitable though historically inaccurate. The generic Indian was portrayed in fringed clothing, communicating through grunts and simple language (Bataille, 1980). Even today, many people overgeneralize about Native Americans, seeing them as one people even though the tribes have always differed in many ways. In 1924, Native Americans were finally given some recognition as a federal law pushed U. S.citizenship upon the remaining Indian population, BE IT ENACTED , THAT ALL NON-CITIZEN INDIANS BORN WITHIN THE TERRITORIAL LIMITS OF THE UNITED STATES BE AND THEY ARE HEREBY, DECLARED TO BE CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES: PROVIDED, THAT THE GRANTING OF SUCH CITIZENSHIP SHALL NOT IN ANY MANNER IMPAIR OR OTHERWISE AFFECT THE RIGHT OF ANY INDIAN TO TRIBAL OR OTHER PROPERTY. THE INDIAN CITIZENSHIP ACT, APPROVED JUNE 2, 1924 Despite their newly gained citizenship, Native Americans were blocked from voting for the next twenty years in Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico. As a result, The Indian Rights Association and The American Indian Defense Association were formed to protect Indian rights, but the two organizations had limited power or impact (DiBacco, 1995). The plight of American Indians attracted little attention until 1928, when a shocking study, the Meriam Report, exposed the frequency of Indian poverty and the failure of government to fulfill allotted promises. The result of this new interest in reform was called the Indian New Deal, a new law that would restructure tribal governments and the administration of federal policies. The bill became the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. It introduced federal programs to support Indian agriculture, vocational education, and economic development. It included a provision that allowed reservation communities to set up tribal governments patterned after local units of the American government. Despite criticisms of the law being too paternalistic and undermining tribal traditions, the authority of Indian communities actually did expand during this time. The new Indian governments began to assert their rights in order to reverse the loss of tribal sovereignty (Jordan, 1991). Even though American Indians sent twenty-five thousand men and women to World War II, ten thousand to the Korean conflict, and forty-three thousand to Vietnam, their efforts did little to erase negative images of Indians (Zinn, 1980). Such images have also persisted in federal policy. Following World War II the Bureau of Indian Affairs instituted a program to terminate the federal governments trust relations with many tribes. In 1953 government officials passed a bill reducing federal expenditures and shrinking the federal bureaucracy by getting out of the Indian business and setting Indians free from federal support and protection. Poverty and homelessness quickly produced frustration and anger, and these, in turn, produced additional problems: alcoholism, joblessness, and poverty (Zinn, 1980). In the late 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement kicked off a wave of political activism by Native Americans, successfully changing negative policies and views. A new voice began to be heard in 1961 when the American Indian Chicago Conference gathered to present an Indian agenda for the new Kennedy administration. As American Indian youth became more involved in national Indian issues, the National Indian Youth Council formed (DiBacco, 1995). Additional examples of this new activism and militancy would include the founding of the American Indian Movement in 1968, the occupation of Alcatraz Island in 1969, the Trail of Broken Treaties march of 1972, and the armed occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1973 (Farley, 2000). These and other actions produced a national and highly visible call for Native American self-determination. This new campaign also emphasized individual tribal culture and practices. Pro-Indian legislation emerged during the 1970s as a result of activism and self-determination. The Indian Self-Determination and Educational Assistance Act, was passed in 1975 and stipulated that tribes could enter into contracts with the Indian Bureau to administer their own programs, from education to health care to housing. Other new laws included a settlement of land claims in Maine in 1978 and two pieces of landmark legislation passed the same year. The Indian Child Welfare Act established a role for tribes in the adoption of Indian children and the American Indian Religious Freedom Act declared constitutional support for Native American religious freedom (DiBacco, 1995). Despite growing efforts at self-determination, exploitation still plagues the Native Americans. Recent water and energy needs have led to government and industrial encroachment on Native American Land. Native Americans have even seen their reservations recommended as toxic-waste dumping grounds in exchange for much needed money. Discrimination still continues, especially in cities near the reservations. Tribal governments have enormous responsibilities that include the protection of hunting and fishing rights, water rights, religious traditions, and cultural heritage. At the same time, they struggle to develop successful gaming operations, profitable industrial factories, and effective educational and social-welfare programs. The systematic disorganization and dehumanization of their societies have restricted life opportunities. Poor education, low income, bad housing, poor health, alchoholism, and suicides are serious problems facing Native Americans today. They suffer the highest rates of poverty and unemployment among racial minority groups in the United States. Conditions are worse on Native American reservations, where an estimated 1/3 of them still live. According to goventment statistics on income, Native Americans are the poorest of the poor. (Farley, 2000) Today, many people in the United States ignore or are unaware of the problems Native Americans face. Many of those who are aware often stereotype them as backward, drunk, or unmotivated. Relations between Indians and non-Indians in the United States have been marked by an unfortunate series of blunders caused by prejudice and negative stereotypes. Even still, todays 2. 1 million Native Americans have proved their resilience by surviving oppression in a world dominated by other races and cultures. Unlike other minorities who have fought for equal rights in American society, Native Americans have fought to retain their land and cultures and have avoided assimilation, at a hefty cost. Works Cited Bataille, Gretchen. The Pretend Indians: Images of Native Americans in the Movies. Iowa State University, Ames: 1980 Berkhofer, Robert F. The White Mans Indian. Alfred A. Knopf Publishers, New York, 1978. DiBacco, Thomas V. , Lorna C. Mason, and Christian G. Appy. History of The United States. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995. Keohane, Sonja. The Reservation Boarding School System in the United States, 1870-1928. http://www. twofrog. com. 3/19/2005 Jordan,Winthrop D. and Leon F. Litwack. The United States. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1991. Todd, Lewis Paul and Merta Curti. Triumph of the American Nation. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Joranovich, Inc. , 1986. Zinn, Howard. A Peoples History of the United States. New York: Harper-Collins, 1980. Farley, John. Majority-Minority Relations. New Jersey: Prentice Hall,2000.

Can Sri Lanka Apparel Industry Face Future Challenges?

Can Sri Lanka Apparel Industry Face Future Challenges? 1. Sri Lanka has traditionally been an agro-based economy from the ancient time. With the Industrial Revolution taking root in Europe and later spreading to the rest of the world, Sri Lanka too had to take its place in this scenario. Factory scale production of ready made garments in Sri Lanka had its beginnings in the early 1950s to become the largest industry in the Sri Lankan economy. During the pre-liberalization era (pre-1977), the domestic textile industry was essentially an import substitution industry confined to a few large-scale textile industries run by the government. The textile industry did not make much progress during this period. The garment industry has its origins in the mid- 1960s, but unlike the textile industry, the former was mainly run by the private sector. Initially, almost all of the garments produced were for the domestic market and there were hardly any exports during this period. A large share of the industry was in the hands of few companies. Since the importation of textiles was either banned or restricted, locally produced textiles mainly fed the garment industry. GARMENTS: All external and internal finished common clothing items such as shirts, T shirts, pants, dresses, sports clothing, fashion garments, under garments etc. APPAREL : finished clothing that can be considered as supporting clothing or accessories such as jackets, lingerie, leather clothing, knitted garments, shoes, hats, gloves, fashion accessories etc. 2. The period after the late 1970s saw a rapid expansion of the garment industry in Sri Lanka. The phenomenal growth during this period can be attributed to three major factors: a. The first is the market-oriented liberal economic policies introduced in 1977, which placed greater emphasis on the export-led industries. b. The second is the supportive measures taken by the government through the Board of Investment, such as duty free importation of industrial inputs, off-shore borrowing facilities, tax holidays or concessional taxation, etc. These measures together with the availability of labour- intensive industries such as garments. c. The next important factor which contributed to the Sri Lankan apparel industry is the Multi Fibre arrangement ( MFA ). AIM 4. The aim of this research is to discuss about the apparel industry in Sri Lanka and analyse the future challenges. CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: 1. The apparel sector had grown tremendously after introducing the open economy. Now it has become the leading export industry replacing the traditional tea and rubber. It is the most significant and dynamic contributor of Sri Lankan economy. 2. The major drawback in the Sri Lankan apparel industry is that it has not upgraded with latest technologies and modern consumer demands to compete with the other countries, mostly the South East Asian countries. National economy will definitely be affected if the country fails to address the drawbacks in the industry. 3. The aim of my research is to identify the weaknesses in the apparel sector and to suggest favourable and appropriate solutions to secure the industry. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 4. It is hypothesized that the reason for not upgrading with the latest technology and consumer demands is lack of capital, incompatible demands and high competition.    SCOPE OF THE STUDY 5. The scope of the study covers an assessment of the ready made garment industry in Sri Lanka taking three well known factories in to consideration. Factors that had been an impact to the industry will be identified through the research and the root causes of the problem will be then be identified. Recommendations will be made for the improvement. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION 6. The required data for the research will be drawn from the following sources; a. Primary sources Primary sources will include information collected by interviewing resource personnel in the garment sector. b. Secondary sources Information will be gathered from relevant books, journals, the internet, treaties, conventions as well as international and local enactments of relevance. CHAPTER THREE OVERVIEW OF THE APPAREL INDUSTRY HISTORY   1. The textile and clothing industry had emerged from a modest beginning in the early 1950s A few pioneering industrialists who started out on an uncertain course at this time , confident their manufacture to only some popular items of garments and catered essentially to local demand. By the end of the 1950s there was a reversal in policies and the economy moved towards restrictions on imports and a policy of import substitution in industry began to be perused. While the major basic industries were reserved for the state; a wide range of consumer goods industries were opened to the private sector , which was provide with various investment incentives and a protected market. Over the decade of the 1960s as many as 300 categories of industrial products began to be manufactured locally. Among this range of products a major item was textiles and another ready made garments, though from the outset raw materials required for the garments industry were imported. 2. It was in the late1960s that Sri Lankas ready made garments began to break into export markets. Sri Lankas shirts had found acceptability in markets such as the UK and Soviet Union and a leading shirt manufacture began exporting up to Rs:2 million worth of product annually to the USSR, within the bilateral trade agreement between Sri Lanka and the USSR. 3. Around 1972 there was a change in outlook towards the industry as existing policy was altered to allow certain sectors to adapt an export oriented approach. Special foreign exchange allocations and other fiscal and tax incentives were offered to selected export oriented industries under this package. In the first six years of the 1970s over 2500 industrial units received approval from the Local Industries Approve Committee (LIAC) and of these nearly 2000 were in the product group of Textiles and Textile based industries. By the mid 1970s wage/ pries inflation and imposition of trade quotas on exports of traditional Asian Suppliers of made-up garments such as Hong Kong , Taiwan, South ,Korea and Singapore made Sri Lanka more attractive location for the industry. New units began to be established in collaboration with foreign capital/marketing, while production was being upgraded through import. 4. The period after the late 1970s saw a rapid expansion of the clothing industry in Sri Lanka. The impressive growth witnessed during this period can be attributed to two major factors. The first is the market-oriented liberal economic policies introduced in 1977. The market friendly economic reforms, which identified the private sector as the engine of growth, places greater emphasis on the export-led industries. 5. The second important factor which contributes to the remarkable expansion of the Sri Lanka textile and clothing industry is the Multi Fibre Arrangement ( MFA ). Sri Lanka is one of the countries that benefited from the quota hopping investments. The overseas manufactures of garment who relocated their production facilities in Sri Lanka include firms from both and Newly Industrialize Countries ( NICs) in East Asian and Europe. While the NIC firms moved their operations mainly as a means of quota hopping the motivation for producers of countries such as Germany and the UK to move into Sri Lanka was the rising production costs in their home countries. Given the ability to separate to different stages of the clothing industry, these overseas producers were able to disintegrate their production lines into low-cost countries like Sri Lanka without much difficulty. Investments by these two categories of foreign manufacturers fuelled the growth of the Sri Lankan clothing industry to a lar ge extent. In fact, the factories set up as joint ventures and wholly owned foreign companies account for almost half of the total exports earning from garments. MULTI FIBRE ARRANGEMENT 6. The Multi Fibre Arrangement (MFA) is a system of quotas designed to protect garment industries in first world countries by slowing down the pace of globalization. The MFA does not apply to the expanding garment trade between rich countries. 7. The MFA has had a complex but crucial impact on the development of the garment industry. In the Third World, by imposing limits on poor country exports, it encouraged investors to shop around for new countries. This because of the increase in volumes of ready made garment entering developed countries caused concern and eventually led the developed countries to seek the occurrence of The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT) to protect their markets. The reason for this concern was due to the fact that the industrialised countries never caused to be textile and garment manufactures because the industry employed a large number of women specially minorities and immigrants in the USA and Europe. GATT,s solution to the dilemma of the industrialised nations was the Multi Fibre Arrangements (MFA) which imposed quota restrictions on certain garment categories, there by limiting the quantity of apparels that could be exported to the developed countries by any single developing cou ntry. This curtailed the potential of countries like Hong Kong, South Korea, Mexico and Yugoslavia which were advanced textile manufactures. In turn it allowed countries like India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka to enter the industry with guaranteed markets. It was first introduced in 1974 and will end in 2005. As a result there was a world wide boom in the textile and apparel export industry in the mid 1980s. 200 GARMENT FACTORIES PROGRAMME (200 GFP)   8. In view of the infrastructure facilities and close proximity to the port and airport facilities etc. most textile and clothing manufacturers concentrated their operations in or around the Western province, where the countrys capital is located. As a result, unemployment one for the major problem faced by Sri Lanka continued to remain high in the other parts of the island. Growing unemployment resulted in youth unrest in most of the rural areas. Thus, in 1990,a Cabinet Sub-Committee recommended that garment factories should be opened in provincial areas other than the Western Province. Consequently, the 200 garment factories programme (200 GFP) was launched with the idea of opening at least one garment factory in each of the 200 Assistant Government Agent (AGA) divisions. The main incentive which encouraged the private sector to take part in this programme was quotas. For this purpose, the remote areas of the country were classified into three categories, namely non-difficult, difficult and most difficult. Quotas were allocated on the basis of the location for the industry. The more isolated and difficult the area, the higher was the quota allocated. While about 40 percent of the areas were identified as difficult, just over 40 percent fell within the most difficult category. The rest, just fewer than 20 percent, were classified as non difficult. In addition to quotas, the factories setup under the 200 GFP were also offered various other incentives such as tax holidays or lower corporate taxes, duty-free importation machinery and raw materials, loans from foreign currency banking units, etc. as the main thrust behind the 200 GFP was the high unemployment in the rural sector, each factory was intended to employ at least 500 workers. By the end of 1996, there were 154 factories in commercial operation under this programme, providing 76,821 employment opportunities.   CHAPTER FOUR THE ROLE OF TEXTILE AND CLOTHING INDUSTRY IN THE SRI LANKAN ECONOMY 1. The common features of developing countries are high rates of population growth, high rates of unemployment, low savings, insufficient capital formation, low investment, high capital output ratio, rudimentary technology and cheap skilled and unskilled labour. These countries are also mainly exporters of primary agriculture products. Further being too small to achieve economies of scale in their domestic markets, these countries have adopted export led growth policies which are designed to generate foreign exchange and expose the productive factors of the country to the stimulus of competitive influence. 2. The textile garment industry there for became the initial response of developing countries to this call for export led growth. Being a labour intensive industry requiring a small capital base. Production of textile and apparel shifted to developing countries in the 1960s. It provided employment for a large number of persons earned foreign exchange allowed for diversification of the export industry and paved the way for industrialization. Some countries attracted foreign investors by opening up free trade zones. Many critics called it textile led growth. 3. At the time Sri Lanka began to pursue liberal economic policies in 1977, the textile and clothing industry played only a minor role in the countrys economy. In the light of the broad based economic liberalisation and the benign impact of the MFA, the industry since then has recorded a remarkable growth and assumed a key role in the economy. While garments accounted for the largest share of all commodity exports (27 per cent) in 1986, it became the largest foreign exchange earner (US$ 0.4 billion) by 1992, by 1995; garments export exceeded US$ 1.5 billion, nearly half of all commodity exports. 4. Of the 21 percent contribution made by the manufacturing industries to the countrys economy in 1996, 40 per cent was from the textile and clothing sector. The growth of the garment industry was particularly rapid in 1992 and 1993 due to the attempts taken by the government under the 200 GFP decentralise the industry away from the Western Province. Although the textile and clothing sector registered a slow growth of 5.1 per cent against 14.8 per cent in 1995, it still accounted for 33.7 per cent of the growth witnessed in the private sector industrial output. (The slow growth in 1996 was primarily because of the continued power cuts due to prolong drought). According to the Ministry of industrial Development, there has been a total of 859 garment factories at the end of 2001 while the number of textile manufacturing firms stood over 140, with less than 10 companies accounting for most of the output. The largest garment factories (in terms of employment) were located within the free -trade-zones (FTZs) run by the Board of Investment of Sri Lanka (BOISL) the authority responsible for the promotion of foreign direct investment. 5. Today the textile and clothing sector has replaced the tea industry the traditional front line export industry as the leading foreign exchange earner. Specially, the growth of garment export has been highly impressive. For instance during the period 1980 to 1990 the value of apparel export increased from US $ 100 million to US $ 620 million. In terms of quantity, the exports grew from 52 million pieces to 212 million pieces during the same decade. Exports of garments, which were only 10 percent Sri Lankas total export in 1980, reached nearly half in 1993, registering in average annual increase of 30 percent. In 1996 the textile and clothing sector accounted for 46 percent of the countrys total export earning. Its share among the industrial exports reached as high as 63 percent. The highest growth, (21 percent) was in the woven fabric categories. 6. The textile and clothing sector has also been an outstanding source in generating employment opportunities. Being a highly labour intensive industry, this sector has been successful in absorbing a fairly large number of workers. By end of 2001, garment sector provided direct employment to approximately 391682 personal. The garment sector as whole represented about 14 percent of the 5.5 million of the countrys total employed work force. Approximately 40 percent of which was engaged in the textile and clothing sector. Of the total work force employed in the textile and clothing industry, more than 60 percent was with the clothing sector. CHAPTER FIVE PRESENT POSITION OF THE SRI LANKA APPAREL INDUSTRY MAJOR MARKETS OF SRI LANKA 1. Since more than 90 percent of exports from the Sri Lankas textile and clothing industries consist of ready made clothing, the focus here is on clothing. Sri Lanka currently maintains bilateral textile agreements in the context of the MFA with Canada, the EU and the USA. More than 90 percent of Sri Lankas exports of clothing are accounted by only two markets, the EU and the USA. The USA continues to account for about 60 percent of total clothing exports from Sri Lanka. About 90 percent of exports (by value) to the USA consist of quota items. The bilateral agreement between the US and Sri Lanka contains more than 30 quota categories, covering over 50 clothing items. While the quota performance against the US market is generally high, utilisation rate of certain quota categories such as knitted shirts and blouses, trousers, underwear, coveralls, and overall, terry and other pile towels etc. has reached almost 100 per cent during the recent years  [1]  . 2. The EU has been absorbing about 35 percent of Sri Lankas total exports of clothing every year. The largest buyer of Sri Lankan garments within the EU is the UK (about 45%) which is followed by Germany (about 20%), the Netherlands (about 9%), France (about 5.5%), Belgium- Luxembourg (about 5% ) and the rest Sri Lankas exports to the EU has been subject to quotas under four categories namely, trousers, blouses, shirts and jackets. The utilisation rate of quotas of the first three categories (most sensitive ones) during 1996 was 84 percent, 100 percent and 73 percent respectively, while the rate of the fourth category was nearly 30 percent. Canada continues to account for about 1.5 percent of Sri Lankas total exports of garments. While Sri Lankas bilateral textile agreement with Canada contains about 15 product categories under quotas. THE ABOLITION OF QUOTA SYSTEM 3. Sri Lankas apparel industry is now a major contributor to the countrys economy after its modest beginnings in the seventies. It represents 54% of our total exports and 71% of Sri Lankas total industrial exports. The garment exports make a direct contribution of 7% to the overall economy. The rapid growth of this industry could be attributed to the followings: a. A stable market because of the quota system. b. Low labour cost. c. Liberal economic and trade policies. d. Tax benefits and the concessions granted to the industry. 4. From its inception the quota system was a boom to Sri Lankas apparel industry. The availability of a stable market eliminated the danger of competition from established industrialists in the international field, and attracted direct foreign investment and helped Sri Lanka prosper in this industry. 5. Although the abolition of quota system in 2005 had a negative impact on the industry it also opened up an expanded free market. As such the future of the garment industry in Sri Lanka will depend on our ability to face competition. One third (1/3) of the total exports from Sri Lanka are done by 25 large scale manufacturers. These organizations are in a position to restructure and sustain themselves in a competitive market according to surveys. But the survival of the other small and medium scale industries is at stake, making the situation critical because these small and medium scale manufacturers are the biggest employers in the apparel industry  [2]  . SWOT FOR THE APPAREL INDUSTRY 8. Strengths.   The product quality level for the current market segments is considered high Reputation as a country which follows labour laws and good working conditions. The product price ranks second with large customers confirming that price quality relation of Sri Lanka is good On time delivery is the third best strength with effort towards reducing lead-times. Availability of skilled labour, educated and trainable work force and management of production capacity and ability to handle high volume orders are also considered strengths the Sri Lankan industry presently possesses. Apart from those the geographical size of the country facilitates easy movement with in the country serves a further advantage  [3]  . 9. Weaknesses. The weaknesses in the Sri Lankan industry can be listed down as follows; a. Lack of marketing skills with over dependence on buying officers, and allocation of quotas. b. Low level of marketing information, and knowledge about export marketing with hardly any marketing activities. c. Lack of fabric base and over dependence on input suppliers with long lead times d. Lack of a strong work ethic along with high absenteeism and labour turn over. e. Warm climatic condition of the country which reduces productivity f. Increasing cost of labour and availability of employment in other industries and foreign employment opportunities 10. Opportunities. To overcome the loss of orders due to the expiry of Multi Fibre Arrangement after year 2005, the position in the traditional export markets in the USA and UK by should be strengthened by establishing a strong relationship with distributors and buyers and developing an expansion strategy for the markets with good potential. Thereafter the opportunity exists to gain a higher market share by implementing an aggressive marketing strategy in the markets, where Sri Lanka has a weak positioning. Further there is a very good opportunity to capture a bigger market share in the EU: As at present Sri Lanka is not with in first 15 exporters to the EU. 11. Further opportunities exists in capturing the South Asian Market especially the High Price garments with designer wear and Intimate garments, a market where Sri Lankan Manufactures are now experts in producing and marketing. The available free trade agreements should be exploited in trade between India and Pakistan to export finished garments and to import fabric and accessories. It is also important to establish and identity for of Sri Lanka as a destination, which manufactures very high quality garments   12. Threats. The threats to the present Garment Industry are as follows; a. An intensification of the competition, especially from the sub Asian member countries, before and after the phasing out of the MFA. b. Improvement of the former socialist economies, who have a good textile industry and a large domestic Market which are highly potential and geared to meet the quality and delivery requirements especially from EU. c. The arrival of new competitors in the Asian sub continent such as Vietnam, Cambodia , Myanmar and Laos. d. Special advantages created for the USA market by the NAFTA, consolidation and other regional economic cooperation e. The increase in Sri Lankas labour costs at a faster pace than productivity f. The necessity to reduce lead time from the manufactures to the shop, and the distant suppliers inability to deliver the value added garments on time g. Successive government has not addressed the issue of low productivity, and even at this stage a government funded garment manufacturing and production management training institute has not been established and this posses a threat to the industrys future h. Geographical location of the country. Sri Lanka is located at the furthest end of the Indian Ocean, when compared with other competitive garment exporting countries, which export to the USA, EU and other wealthy nations. Almost all the countries, which are geographically located close to Sri Lanka are under developed and, low income countries struggling to survive. CHALLENGES FACED BY THE SRI LANKAN APPAREL INDUSTRY 13. In the recent past, the global garment industry has been subject to significant changes in terms of changes in consumer demands, changes in technology, and fierce competition. These changes have also filtered down to the Sri Lankan garment industry and there is now considerable pressure on the industry to each higher standard of production and service. 14. As the garment industry is a relatively low skilled and labour intensive operation, over time there has been a shifting of production from countries such as Hong Kong. South Korea and Taiwan to low wage countries such as Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. As this process of shifting (or shifting comparative advantage) has continued, Sri Lanka has gradually lost its low labour cost comparative advantage. 15. As the majority of Sri Lankan manufactures currently produce standard garments where competition is primarily based on price, Sri Lanka faces stiff competition from other developing countries of South and South East Asia where production cost is low (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam). China has also emerged as a dominant force in the global apparel industry with its massive supply capability and low costs of production. These countries have a lower ranking in terms of cost of production in comparison to Sri Lanka. Given this situation, there may be a need for Sri Lanka to move some of its exports to the top end of the market as a reputable and dependable supplier of quality apparel in Asia. In the higher value clothing segment, countries such a Malaysia, Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong and Japan are serious competitors  [4]  . 16. While Sri Lanka s global market share has been recorded at 1.5 percent, more recent estimates indicate that there has been a marginal increase, and stands at 2 percent of the global garment market. During the period 1995 to 2000, Sri Lanka maintained a 19 percent export earning growth in the garment industry. If there is a lifting of the US tariff barriers for Sri Lankas apparels, then according to some commentators there would be a significant increase of exports. As mentioned earlier, although over 90 percent of Sri Lankas garment exports are destined for the USA and the EU, Sri Lanka does not rank amongst the top exporting nations to the EU. Sri Lanka ranked 20th and 16th place among suppliers of apparel products to the EU and the USA market, respectively, in 1998. The positive feature is that the Sri Lankan garment manufacturers, in general, have built up a good rapport and sound reputation the world over. It is a great advantage when compared to her competing neighbours. 17. Buyers now have a range of sources from which to choose, and countries such as Mexico (supplying to the USA) and Turkey (supplying to the EU) have the added advantages of being in close proximity to their major markets, lower transport cost and shorter turn-around times. Moreover, Mexico and free of quota restrictions access to their major markets. 18. One factor contributing to this reduced level of price competitiveness is the increasing cost of labour in Sri Lanka compared to other garment producing nations. Labour costs have been steadily increasing and currently constitute between 15-30 percent of total production costs in the average Sri Lankan garment manufacturing firm, highlighted the hourly wage rates of a number of garment manufacturing nations and indicated that Sri Lankas competitors currently have relatively lower wage cost structures. For those competitors who gave higher wage cost structures (and higher global market shares), their strengths lie particularly in their high levels of productivity. HOW SHOULD WE FACE THE COMPETITION? 18. The researcher recommends the following changes to preserve the garment industry in Sri Lanka. Developing Skills Of Labour Force The skill level on high speed machines have been found to be in sufficient. This resulted in low efficiency levels and low Needle Down Time. Which are two important performance measurements in the garment industry. Intensive training to upgrade skill level, parallel to technological advancement is important to gain a competitive advantage in the garment industry. b. Establishment of a Government Administered Garment industry related training institute. It is recommended to the government, at least at this stage to focus on this issue, and establish a dedicated training institute for all levels of employees in the apparel industry, as the future of thee industry and employment of 350000 personnel will purely depend on countries competitiveness on productivity and cost of labour. e. Increasing Needle Down Time (1) Use of Modern Machinery Needle down time could be increased through training and use of modern advanced machinery. Introduction of modern machines as under bed trimmers and computerised machines will speed up the sewing process and assist the operator to use other advanced facilities of the machines. (2) Reduction of secondary activities Needle Down Time (NDT)could be further increased by following General Sewing Data Standards, which indicates the ideal movements by machine operators to reduced idle time and speed up the sawing process. f. Backward Integration. Due to lack of modernisation and technological advancement in the textile manufacturing sector the garment industry has to depend for its requirement on imported fabric. Therefore to be competitive backward integration is necessary, but it requires high capital expenditure- is around US $ 25-30 million. In Sri Lankan terms this is a huge investment. Therefore it is prudent for Sri Lankan to concentrate from processing stage onwards and import grey fabric from abroad. Given proximity to Asian producers fabric can be soured with minimal lead time. Joint ventures, strategic alliances, etc. will be ideal if can be so arranged. g. Export Alliance. A group of small / medium sized companies with not so unique products and only limited funds available for export market development can form an export alliance. This group of entrepreneurs exporting can exploit the market much more professionally than an individual. In addition they can benefit by sharing the very heavy marketing expenses and the orders received from buyers. h. Product Quality. As the cost of fabric constitutes a major share in the unit cost of garments, a great deal of attention has to be paid for quality controls at the fabric level. An integrated approach in quality assurance in the process from fabric to garments can be a powerful tool in using quality as a differentiation strategy for competitive advantage. i. Management of Lead Time. Lead-time taken by Sri Lankan exporters around 60-120 days is a

bankruptcy Essay -- essays research papers

The original Bankruptcy Act was enacted in 1878. Unlike European countries, American debtors were not punished in any way. Our founders viewed bankruptcy from a different perspective; therefore, they included a provision in the U.S. Constitution, which gives Congress the authority to establish uniform bankruptcy laws. The primary purpose of the Bankruptcy Code is to provide debtors an opportunity for a ‘fresh start’. In order to have a fresh start the debtor is relieved from legal responsibility of past debts. Under the code, debtors are protected against abusive creditor activities. Once a voluntary or involuntary petition is filed, certain actions by creditors are suspended under automatic stay. Both secured and unsecured creditors are suspended from taking any action against the debtor or the debtor’s property. However, actions to recover child support or alimony are not suspended. In a situation in which there are both secured and unsecured creditors, there is a special interest in preventing creditors from obtaining an unfair advantage over other creditors. Unsecured creditors must file a ‘proof of claim’ this document states the amount of the creditor’s claim against the debtor. Secured creditors are not required to file a proof of claim unless the amount of claim exceeds the value of the collateral. Voidable transfers are another form of protection between creditors. Preferential transfers or liens made to a creditor by the debtor within 90 days before bankruptcy can...

Sigmund Freud :: Psychoanalysis Psychology

Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud's revolutionary ideas have set the standard for modern psychoanalysis and his ideas spread from the field of medicine to daily living. His studies in areas such as unconsciousness, dreams, sexuality, the Oedipus complex, and sexual maladjustments laid the foundation for future studies and a better understanding of the small things that shape our lives. In 1873 Freud graduated from the Sperl Gymnasium and, inspired by a public reading of an essay on nature by Goethe, Freud decided to turn to medicine as a career(Gay, 10). He worked at the University of Vienna with one of the leading physiologists of his day, Ernst von Brucke, and in 1882 he entered the General Hospital in Vienna as a clinical assistant. After making several conclusions about the brain's medulla, Freud was appointed lecturer in neuropathology. At this same time in Freud's career, he developed an interest in the medical uses and benefits of cocaine(Britannica, 582). Even though some beneficial results were found in some forms of eye surgery, cocaine use was generally denied by the surgeons of his time. This interest in the narcotic hurt Freud's medical reputation for a time. This episode in Freud's life has been looked at as an example of his "willingness to attempt bold solutions to relieve human suffering(Wittels,98)." From 1885 to 1886 Freud spent nineteen weeks with Jean Martin Charcot, a world famous neurologist and the director of a Paris asylum. It was Charcot that first introduced Freud to the idea of hysteria and hysterics. Freud became intrigued by the idea of hypnotism as a method of therapy, but he was told that only hysterics could be treated with hypnotism(Appignanesi, 34). There was a firm belief that only women could be hysteric and that no man or non-hysteric woman could be affected by the use of hypnotism. Freud knew that hysteria could only develop where there is a degeneration of the brain, not just with women but with men too and that hypnotism could have an effect on normal people. Freud lost his interest in hysteria and hypnotism, but developed a liking of the psychoanalytic method of free association. This method encouraged the patient to express any random thoughts that came to the mind, which promoted a "stream of consciousness" that helped tap into the unconsciousness. The material that the patient said in this stream of consciousness was a link to the ideas of the unconscious mind that was normally hidden, forgotten or "unavailable to conscious reflection"(Freud, 47).

Devastating Hearing Loss In Soldiers Health And Social Care Essay

For a soldier good hearing is a necessity. You hear the enemy foremost before direct contact. Sounds that can be heard in the darkness or inclement weather semen from all waies. We use hearing to derive and roll up intelligence and 50 to 60 per centum of situational consciousness is hearing. Hearing Loss is the lone hurt that is without symptoms because there are no centripetal nervousnesss in the interior ear ( cochlea ) . Hearing Loss is gradual or sudden and there is no manner to foretell the soldier ‘s susceptibleness to loss. Prevention and instruction are the keys to understanding the menace and utilizing schemes to minimise the menace. The tympanic membrane can be 80 percent blown off and it will frequently spontaneously turn back or can be surgically repaired. The irreparable harm occurs inside the cochlea ( which is encased in bone ) . Noise-induced hearing loss ever starts in the high pitches ( about two-thirds of the manner across the piano, on the right side, where the keys are higher pitched ) . Soldiers lose the ability to hear several address sounds ( e.g. , s, sh, T, K, ch, degree Fahrenheit, H ) that make it easy to understand address when there is background noise ( i.e. , seeking to hear co-ordinates on a wireless ) . Following, localisation is affected ; intending the soldier ‘s ability to observe where the sound is coming from is altered and less accurate. Some soft sounds are truly difficult to hear, like the elusive motions of a concealed enemy or the scraping of a metal arm against the floor ( high pitched ) . Of class these are really of import sounds for the soldier to hear and place on right. It could intend the difference between life/death, accurate enemy fire or friendly fire. The usage of different types of ear plugs/hearing protection with proper instruction will the eliminate spread of hearing loss to the soldiers/civilian. Problem analysis The intent of the Army Hearing Program is to forestall Noise Induced Hearing Loss ( NIHL ) in soldiers and to guarantee their maximal combat effectivity. Hearing is a critical detector used by soldiers that increases their survivability and deadliness. When hearing loss is present, the ability to carry on audile undertakings is greatly diminished. Good hearing is required to execute such undertakings as placing sound, estimating audile distance, placing a sound beginning, and understanding verbal orders and wireless communications. This multidimensional sense provides an indispensable sum of information on the battleground. Good hearing can intend the difference between life and decease in combat, every bit good as in preparation. The following challenge was to streamline our maps in one constituent in order to liberate up employees for other services ( i.e. ; Hearing Readiness and Operational Services ) . This was done by seting a few services out at that place at a clip and finding what worked and what did non and how many forces were needed for different maps. Simultaneously, the TRADOC Surgeon was briefed by my adviser sing the combat weaponries earplug preparation. Once the TRADOC Surgeon stated she wanted the preparation to go on, the TRADOC Directorate for BCTs had to be briefed for the POI. Once once more, holding the bid backup of the sawbones enabled the following measure. Once the POI was established, services we had in topographic point could be expanded. It ‘s of import to understand that the ground we did test and mistake BEFORE we established the POI was to do certain we could back up the services we were offering. The mission would hold failed if blessing was given for the CAE POI and so lacked support. Each measure of set uping a plan needs to be preceded by finding support demands and test tallies. That ‘s the key, truly. The other portion of the success is to acquire buy-in, from both the subdivision employees and the cell we were back uping. Research Peoples functioning in the armed forces will at some point be exposed to high strength noise of assorted types. Some may develop hearing loss particularly for high frequence sound of tinnitus ( pealing in the ears ) or both as a consequence of their noise exposure. Hearing loss or tinnitus incurred during military service may measure up for seasoned service and fiscal compensation from the Department of Veterans Affairs ( VA ) . VA reported the 2.5 million veterans having disablement compensation at the terminal of the financial twelvemonth 2003 had about 6.8 million separate disablements related to their military service. Disabilities of the auditory system including tinnitus and hearing loss were the 3rd most common type accounting for approaching 10 per centum of the entire figure of disablements among these veterans. For the approximately 158,000 veterans who began having compensation in 2003, audile disablements were the 2nd most common type of disablement. ( Humes, L. ( 2006 ) Noise and military service: Deductions for hearing loss and tinnitus ) Determining whether hearing loss tinnitus evident at the clip a claim is filed by a veteran is attributable to anterior military service be a job ( challenge ) for VA after the fact, hearing loss or tinnitus incurred as a consequence of military service can non be distinguished with certainty from later noise-induced hearing loss or tinnitus consequence from work in a noisy work topographic point. High frequence hearing losingss are non merely with noise exposure but besides at a older ages ( presbycusis ) , even though the specific forms of loss are by and large distinguishable until 60 -70 of age. Tinnitus could develop in from other factors so noise exposure ( e.g. head hurt, encephalon tumours, in-between ear disease, certain medicine ) and can happen with or without hearing loss. If certification of hearing thresholds or tinnitus during military service is non available, even a elaborate instance history from the veteran may go forth uncertainness about the association between a current hearing loss or tinnitus and anterior service. Tinnitus is the perceptual experience of sound ( e.g, pealing, buzzing, whistling ) that can non be credited to an external sound beginning and heard merely by the one individual who ‘s sing it. The presence of tinnitus is chiefly by self-report, but perceptual steps such as its pitch and volume can be established faithfully under controlled conditions ( psychoacoustic testing ) . The mechanisms implicit in tinnitus are non to the full understood, some people with tinnitus experience serious jobs associated with emotional wellbeing, slumber, hearing and concentration. No current intervention will extinguish tinnitus, but some may cut down its inauspicious impact. Some intervention may include guidance, reding combined with sound therapies, medicines and electrical and magnetic stimulation. The commission ‘s consideration included noise induced hearing loss, which most normally consequences from perennial exposures to risky noise for a period of several old ages, and the phenomenon of acoustic injury which is the sudden loss of hearing following a individual exposure to really risky noise. Hearing loss was assessed chiefly on the footing of informations on hearing thresholds measured in human by pure-tone audiology. Noise-induced hearing loss is frequently describe by â€Å" notch † in the audiogram reflecting worse hearing at frequences between 300 and 6000Hz than lower and higher frequences. The specific form of alterations in pure-tone threshold can differ depending on the type of noise exposure. Hearing loss for older grownups Hearing damage is a major job among older grownups this can impact all sphere of all facets of life, including cognitive, societal, physical, and emotional. Designation and intervention can better overall quality of life every bit good as functional capacity. The primary attention suppliers play a major function placing hearing loss and guaranting that patients are treated suitably. The World Health Organization estimated that 278 million people had a mild to chair hearing damage in 2005. In the United States there are 28-32 million Americans of all ages with some grade of hearing damage. Other study estimation that 25 per centum of people 51-65 old ages of age 10-33 of people 66-75 old ages of age 25-60 per centum of people 76-85 old ages of age and 50-80 per centum of people over 85 old ages of age have hearing damage. ( Weener, D.J. , Zacharek, M.A. , & A ; Malani, P.N. ( 2010 ) . Evaluation and direction of hearing loss in older grownup. Clinical Geriatricss, 18 ( 9 ) , 20-26 ) This makes hearing loss the 3rd most common chronic disease of the aged, following high blood pressure and arthritis as these Numberss demonstrate hearing loss addition with age it is besides associated with the male gender, non-Hispanic with race, lower-level of instruction, lower socioeconomic category, anterior service in military, occupational noise exposure heavy intoxicant usage , baccy usage, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. Screening Test In Adults Many simple trials for hearing loss have been used as a everyday portion of a physical scrutiny but they are different to implement in systematic showing plan because they can non be standardized. An illustration is the Whisper voice Test, performed by testers who whisper words from behind the patient in different distances. The grade of hearing loss is reflected by the furthest distance from which patient may still reliably reproduce what is whispered. Attempts to standardise the trial have been made ( e.g. by whispering merely after full termination ) but there is no dependable manner to command the volume of the susurrations and robust descriptions of interobserver variableness and test- retest dependability are missing. Screening with a vibrating tuning fork or sound of an tester ‘s finger friction besides has been proposed. Judgment about hearing loss by and large rely on mensurating the sound can non be heard. Alternatively the hearing threshold of the patient and the tester can be compared by puting the vibrating tuning fork on each individual mastoid procedure ( Schwabach trial ) . Again although sensible trial truth has been reported in little series, what is the nature of the hearing which is the trial of hearing loss. Etiology Hearing loss is by and large divided into three types. Conductive, sensorineural, and assorted understanding the anatomy physiology of the ear are of import when sing causes of hearing loss. The pinnule and external auditory canal are portion of the outer ear. Together they collect sound from the environment and increase the sound degree by 12-15 dBs. The in-between ear comprised of the tympanic membrane, bonelets ( hammer, anvil, and stirrups ) middle ear pit and Eustachian tubing serves as a transformer that changes sound moving ridge into physical quivers. This procedure is most efficient at frequences 500-4000hertz and the energy is amplified by 25-30 dBs. ( Larry Humes, , Initials. ( 2006, National Academies Press ) . The ellipse window is the connexion between the in-between ear and the interior ear. The egg-shaped window can be stimulated by energy going through the outer and in-between ear or through castanetss of the skull and sets the cochlear fluid in gesture. This force per unit area moving ridge in the cochlea induces a moving ridge of the basilar membrane ( 1 to 2 walls that separate the vestibular canal tympanic canal and cochlear canal ) The basilar membrane has different features at the base ( narrow and stiff ) and apex ( broad and flexible ) that cause different frequences of moving ridges to top out at different locations. The location of the moving ridge extremum determines which nerve fibres are stimulated and as a consequence what pitch is perceived. High frequence tones peak at the base of the cochlea and lower frequences peak at the vertex. Conductive Hearing Loss consequence of sound from the air to the interior ear is prevent, because the interior ear remains integral conductive hearing loss is diagnosed by air-bone spread where the threshold for air conductivity is greater than that for bone conductivity. The size of the air-bone spread indicates the badness of damage: 25 dBs is â€Å" mild † 40 dBs is â€Å" moderate † and 60 dBs is â€Å" terrible † causes of conductive hearing loss include earwaxs impaction, obstructor from foreign organic structure, tympanic membrane perforation, otitis media, in-between ear gush ( with possible obstruction of the Eustachian tubing ) otosclerosis, cholesteatoma, tumour. Paget ‘s disease of the bone, and disarticulation of the ossicular concatenation ( due to trauma or hanker standing infection ) . With progressing age, earwaxs becomes drier and difficult, increasing the hazard for earwaxs impaction ( wax construct up ) 30 % of the aged patient with this after wax removal half of the grownups passed the whispered voice trial foregrounding the importance of rating and intervention of earwaxs impaction. Tympanic membrane perforation can be due to choronic otitis media or trauma including barotrauma, detonations, perforating hurt, or temporal bone break. Sensorineural Hearing loss consequences when the cochlea is unable to transform air or bone quiver into impersonal activity. Both bone conductivity and air conductivity are reduced. Causes of the sensorineural hearing loss include noise injury, ototoxic medicine or occupational chemicals, genetic sciences, vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, coffin nail smoke, autoimmune disease, audile nervus tumours ( e.g. acoustic neuroma ) neural loss Menieres ‘s disease and presbycusis. Evaluation of hearing loss in the primary attention puting Begins with a thorough history and physical scrutiny. The history should separate the start of the hearing loss and its alteration over clip and linked symptom such as tinnitus, aural comprehensiveness, and dizziness, hazard factors for hearing loss such as noise exposure diabetes, smoking household history autoimmune disease and cardiovascular disease ; study for ototoxic medicine usage and inquire about the ear infection, obstructor of the external auditory canal and hemorrhage or drainage. Inspection of the tympanic membrane should include pneumscopy ; opacification of tympanic membrane is usually seen in the ripening. Further rating of the caput and cervix including cranial nervus testing, should besides be performed. Naval Medical Center scientist in San Diego are working on a technique affecting experimental cross-membrane bringing of antioxidants into interior ear fluid via a portable dose control pump and micro catheter. This is an attempt said to be assuring to reconstruct some hearing to patients with noise induced hearing loss perchance prevent it from go oning, besides utilizing different pharmaceuticals the research workers are utilizing this method by experimentation to handle Meniere disease. Effectss of noise on hearing The ear injured by noise in 2 different ways depending on the type of exposure. High degree, High-level short continuance exposures transcending 140dB can stretch the delicate inner ear tissues beyond their elastic bounds, so rake or rupture them apart. This type of harm is acoustic trauma- occurs quickly and ensue in an immediate lasting hearing loss. The organ of Corti becomes detached from the basilar membrane, weaken and is replaced by cicatrix tissue. Because the ear is damaged automatically by unprompted sounds, the maximal sound force per unit area degree ( SPL ) is more of import than the continuance of the exposure. Noises in the environment can really good bring forth acoustic injuries normally come from explosive sounds such as banger exploding near the caput ( 170 dubnium SPL ) , toy cap gun fired near ear ( 155dB ) or changeable gun, high-octane rifle, or handgun shooting ( 160-170dB SPl ) . Exposure to resound between 90 and 140 dB^ ( dB^denotes a decibel step with a filter that adjusts for human audile sensitiveness ) amendss the cochlea metabolically instead than automatically and causes harm related to the degree and continuance exposure. Noise-induced hearing loss, in compared to acoustic injury, develops over clip by exposure on a regular basis transcending a norm of 90 dubnium and returns in 3 phases. In the first phase centripetal cells within the cochlea are killed by inordinate exposure. The cells do non reconstruct they are replaced by cicatrix tissue. In the 2nd phase, after hebdomads to old ages of being exposed to resound, hearing loss can be detected audiometrically Early loss in high frequence scope, around the highest C note played like on a piano. Speech comprehension is non well affected that why people rarely noticed unless the hearing is tested for other grounds. Noise exposure in the workplace has been recognized for centuries to bring forth hearing loss. The US Department of Labor publicized ordinances in the 1970s and 1980s to protect the hearing of 1000000s of Americans working in noisy environments. Current ordinances require workers to be enrolled in a hearing preservation plan if their day-to-day exposure exceeds an mean degree of 85dBA for 8 hr twenty-four hours. Hearing loss in the young person Young person of today participate in a assortment of â€Å" noisy activities † and many accompany their parents or health professionals to loud events. Blair et Al. ( 1996 ) noted that 97 % of 273 3rd graders surveyed had been exposed to risky sound degrees. The World Health Organization ( WHO ) indicated that North American kids â€Å" may have more noise at school than workers from an 8-hour work twenty-four hours at a mill † ( WHO 1997 ) . High sound degrees can be encountered in the place, community, school and work environments. It is estimated that 1.5 million young person age 16-19 old ages are engaged in work with noise-hazardous exposures ( Hager 2006 ) . Many of these occupations are seasonal or informal in nature and may non have the full benefit of one-year wellness and safety plan designed to protect the full-time workers from work topographic point hurts. Niskar et Al. ( 2001 ) provided grounds of audiometric constellations suggestive of noise induced hearing loss in kids aged 6 to 19 old ages. Generalizing their 12.5 % of kids with a â€Å" noise induced threshold displacement or NITS † to 5.2 million kids in the United States, the demand for bar and intercession becomes readily apparent. Niskar et Al. besides noted that the older ( 12-19 old ages ) kids were more likely ( 15.5 % ) to have NITS than the younger ( 6-11 old ages ) group ( 8.5 % ) . Although the literature is Missing in footings of longitudinal surveies, some cross-sectional surveies suggest that the Happening of NIHL among kids is increasing ( Chermak & A ; Peters-McCarthy 1991 ; Montgomery & A ; Fujikawa 1992 ) . Rural young person engaged in farm work may be at twice the hazard compared to those non involved in farm work. It is good to cognize that the noise-related harm and tinnitus is preventable. Hearing loss bar stuffs and plans are available. The Dangerous Decibels plan is public wellness partnership affecting hearing scientist, audiologist, doctor, instructors, museum exhibit interior decorators and builders, instruction outreach specializers, wellness communicating and public wellness experts and many others with the end of cut downing the incidence of noise induced hearing loss and related tinnitus ( Martin 200 ; Martin et Al. 2006 ) . Partnership seems to be the key to success of any public wellness enterprise. The challenges include struggle in civilization, work form, nomenclature, precedences, institutional dockets, personalities, and clip tabular arraies. The wagess of partnering include the ability to do a original, expansive and effectual wellness publicity plan in ways that go beyond the ability of any subscriber. Research is presently in development on using these tools in specific communities sing noise exposure. One partnership is between the Dangerous Decibels group and the Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board, stand foring the 43 Native American folks and states in the Pacific Northwest. Other inaugural with Hispanic/Latino population in the Northwest are being developed. A childs ability to hear influences to hear could be the development of communicating and behavioural accomplishment that affect educational experience and relationship with other people. Public wellness showing and intercession play a of import function in bettering the wellness including hearing position and good being of the kid. Children are most frequently administered audometric rating at address frequences as portion of everyday scrutiny or in school scene. The bulk of conductive hearing loss affects the low frequences, while the bulk or sensorineural hearing loss affects the high frequences. Impacted earwaxs a foreign organic structure, hydrops of the audile canal, and ititis media are merely a few of the many possible causes of conductive hearing loss among kids. Noise, medicine, meningitis, and congenital, poxs are possible causes of sensorineural hearing loss in kids. Surveies have shown that high-frequency hearing loss from noise exposure during childhood can take to farther hearing loss from ague or chronic noise exposure at older age. The effects of noise in the environment on hearing degree has brought much attending in the United States few surveies have included a scope of high frequence audiology ( & gt ; or, =3Hz ) from which hearing loss prevalence estimations can be derived for kids. Recent information from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANESIII ) conducted from 1988 to 1994 by the National Center of Health Statistics of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention offers the chance to analyze both low and high audiometric and to measure the presence of hearing loss by sociodemographic features in national sample of kids age 6 to 19 old ages of age. Military Hearing Conservation Program Data analyzed by the commission led to the decision that military hearing preservation plans dating from the 1970s were non deficient to protect the hearing of service members. The commission concluded that hearing preservation activities from World War II through 1970s would hold been even less equal to protect the hearing of the service member than the plan in topographic point since the late seventiess because merely early hearing protection device of limited effectivity were available and compulsory hearing preservation steps were in topographic point merely in the Air Force. Given that technology steps to cut down noise degrees and administrative steps to cut down noise exposures may non be compatible with demands for military operations, usage of hearing protection devices is frequently the primary defence against noise induced hearing loss for military forces. The effectivity of these devices depends in big step, on how good and how frequently they are used. Datas on the usage of hearing protection by military forces are limited, but a smattering of studies over the past 30 old ages suggest that in some topographic points merely about half of those who should hold been utilizing hearing protection device were making so. The services of Hearing Conservation plans require one-year audiometric proving for forces enrolled in the plan. The per centum of service members tested each twelvemonth who have important displacement in hearing thresholds presently ranges from about 10 per centum to 18 per centum which is two to five times higher than rates considered right in industrial hearing preservation plans. Testing will non forestall noise-induced hearing loss but it can indicate out the hearing loss to do the service member aware of the loss. Preventing NIHL It has been suggested that bar of noise exposure would be easy done if the ear were to demo its hurt by shed blooding after significantly detrimental events. Alternatively but by that clip hearing damage is detected, hurt to the auditory system is normally at an advanced phase, the key to bar is instruction. Many organisations have provided educational course of study to science or wellness instructors to promote healthy hearing wonts for immature ears Axelsson and Clark have suggested that schools invite hearing professionals who can associate existent life experiences that will assist present the message to kids. Doctors can assist patients at hazard for hearing loss by learning them to avoid exposure to unwanted noise and become cautious of loud sounds. Example doctor can urge that patients avoid other noisy activities on the twenty-four hours of a stone concert. Research has shown that remainder periods interspersed with an otherwise risky exposure can cut down audile harm. Besides physicians can promote patients to take events that are most gratifying to them and so rede them to see predating other noisy activities. Noise-induced hearing loss is normally undetected until harm to interior ear has already been done few attempts have been made to cut down noise at their beginning, to protect hearing in noisy environment, and educate persons on the importance of protecting hearing into old age. Treatment of hearing loss Referrals for Hearing loss are best directed to the audiologist, otolarynologist, or both. Audiologist have expertise in hearing trial, usage of assistive hearing device ( e.g. telephone amplifier, infrared system, pocket speaker, and visual/tactile qui vive for the buzzer, telephone and fume dismay ) . And the choice and adjustment of hearing AIDSs. Ent mans have forte preparation in a scope of upsets in the caput and cervix, which include the medical and surgical intervention of otologic jobs. The audiometric trial are performed in a sound protected environment consisting of pure-tone audiology that assesses the patient ‘s threshold of hearing for tones from low frequence ( 250Hz ) to high frequence ( 8KHz ) ; word acknowledgment trial that measures the per centum of mono-syllabic words that a patient can reiterate ( favoritism tonss ) ; the address response threshold that step the lowest strength degree at which a patient can reiterate 50 % of spondaic words ( i.e. 2 syllable words with equal accent on each syllable like baseball, cowpuncher, and battercake ) ; and cram conductivity testing, acoustic physiological reactions, and tympanometry, which chiefly targets the presence or absence of specific upset such as otosclerosis, acoustic nueuromas or ottis media. Solution Get downing a Hearing Conservation Program Wayss to forestall Hearing Loss include T CAPS, Peltors Noise Muff, QuietPro, and COMBAT ARMS Earplugs with proper instruction. T Caps are electronic devices that actively cut down noise and better hearing and communicating by increasing ear degree mike sensitiveness and interfacing with wireless equipment. The devices at the same time protect hearing. Soldiers utilizing TCAPS have a advantage on the battleground, as they recover their hearing instantly after detonation or arm fire instead than transport out mission with a impermanent or lasting threshold displacement. Hearing recovery is of import because those with a threshold displacement study trouble understanding the difference between words such as â€Å" onslaught † and â€Å" acquire back † . Using TCAPS enhances communicating with fellow squad members on assorted floors in a edifice, even leting soldiers to keep silence during a operation. Proper hearing protection besides helps soldier widen their callings. In the yesteryear, senior combat weaponries leaders in the foot, field heavy weapon, and armor- soldier whose experience is most needed in combat. Peltors Noise Muff $ 56.10-79.97 Comfortable, effectual, easy-to-use and noise reactive, the Peltor line of hearing protection equipment is unambiguously suited for terrible and unpredictable noise dangers you encounter during preparation and combat, including gunshot, detonation, aircraft and armoured vehicles. With cutting border electronics, design comfort, and engineered compatibility with helmet and other combat wear. Quietpro $ 1300-1700 The Quietpro is hearing protection and communicating device. It provides high quality hearing protection for the foot soldier when acting mounted and dismounted operations. The upgraded QUIETPRO + incorporates a figure of functional betterment gained through the experience of the 50,000 user that faithfully use the QUIETPRO in day-to-day combat operations. Combat ARMS Earplug 3 69.77 two-base hit ended ( 7.40 a brace ) or 349.77 ( 3.50 a brace ) The COMBATARMS Earplug allows it to be used in two different manners. In combat manner, this earplug allows wearers to hear low-level sounds critical mission safety, such as conversation, footfalls, rifle bolts. When needed, the stopper ‘s filter reacts to supply instant protection from high-ranking noise like arms fire and detonations. The Department ( Workplace ) Hearing Conservation Basic Training Soldiers merely come ining the military the Fiscal Year of 2009 At Fort Jackson 52,626 at the rate of each ( $ 7.40 a Pair ) Combat Arms = $ 389,432.40 52,626 at the rate of each ( $ 56.10 a set ) Peltor Noise Muff = $ 2,952,318.6 52,626 at the rate each ( $ 1300 a set ) QuietPro = $ 6, 8413,800 To be cost effectual Basic Training Soldiers will be provided Combat Arms Ear Plugs Costing the Army 389,432.40 for the Fiscal Year Education on the proper manner to have on the Combat Arms Earplug without proper instruction have oning the Ear stoppers would be pointless. This would be a good start making the pattern of have oning earplugs. The usage of the Peltors Noise Muff, and QuietoPro would be sold to the Soldier at a Military Rate giving the soldier every chance to protect their hearing. Fort Jackson Audiogram Reports H2 and H3 Profile financial twelvemonth 2009 Every soldier/civilian at Ft Jackson is required to take a one-year hearing trial for the consciousness some people are non cognizant they have a hearing loss once this is found we take the proper stairss and acquire soldier taken attention, or give instruction before their hearing gets any worst. In this section every soldier/civilian come ining Fort Jackson will be seen by the staff of 5 workers at Hearing Conservation. H1 = Good Hearing H2= Moderate Hearing H3=Poor Hearing FT Jackson: H2 =1034 H3= 419 soldiers/civilians Permanent hearing loss is preventable with the continued usage of proper hearing protection and decrease of workplace noise degrees to below 85 dBs. This will profit non merely employees who can listen and pass on good throughout there life-times, but besides helps the employer in footings of decreased exposure to hearing loss compensation claims and a possible for increased general safety and occupation public presentation. Occupational noise can do hearing loss, and increase the worker ‘s susceptibleness to other workplace jobs including physical and psychological upsets, intervention with address and communicating, and break of occupation public presentation associated with inordinate noise strengths. This exposure to resound green goodss hearing loss of a nervous type affecting hurt to the interior ear hair cells. The loss of hearing may be impermanent or lasting. Brief exposure causes a impermanent loss. Repeated exposure to high noise degrees will do a lasting loss, illustration being out at the scope measure uping with arms twenty-four hours in and twenty-four hours out. With proper instruction these Numberss could be cut down at a dismaying rate, COMBAT ARMS Ear plugs being offered free to the soldier/civilian. Concluding solution At Fort Jackson the chief aim of working at Hearing Conservation is finally teaching and teaching the Protection/Conservation of Hearing the vision of Hearing Loss Program will be to alter the H2=1034, and H3=419 Numberss of the financial twelvemonth to a bare lower limit if non zero for the following Fiscal twelvemonth and to make this at Fort Jackson to forestall Hearing Loss staff will supply COMBAT ARMs hearing protection to all soldiers/civilian. The Combat Arms earplug steady province mode provides protection against changeless noise ( aircraft, armored, vehicles, etc. ) without hear-through. Other advantages include Patent double protection design, Low-level sounds heard clearly, high-impulse noise block immediately, Pre-molded ternary rim design to suit most ear canals, comfy and reclaimable, and no batteries or traveling and to be cost effectual Basic Training Soldiers will be provided Combat Arms Ear Plugs.